AU-1 Air University Style and Author Guide

Air University

Style and Author Guide

Second Edition

Air University Press

Air Force Research Institute

Project Editor

Marvin Bassett

ISBN 978-1-58566-254-8

Published by Air University Press in April 2015

Disclaimer

e Air University Style and Author Guide provides guidance on

writing, editing, and publishing matters related to ocial publi-

cations of Air University. However, it is not directive and should

not be considered ocial Air Force or Department of Defense

policy. is publication is cleared for public release and unlim-

ited distribution.

Cover Art, Book Design, and Illustrations

L. Susan Fair

Composition and Prepress Production

Michele D. Harrell

Vivian D. O’Neal

Print Preparation and Distribution

Diane Clark

AIR FORCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE

AIR UNIVERSITY PRESS

Director and Publisher

Allen G. Peck

Editor in Chief

Oreste M. Johnson

Managing Editor

Demorah Hayes

Design and Production Manager

Cheryl King

Air University Press

155 N. Twining St., Bldg. 693

Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6026

afri.aup[email protected]

http://aupress.au.af.mil/

http://afri.au.af.mil/

AFRI

Air Force Research Institute

iii

Contents

FOREWORD v

PREFACE vii

NOTE ON CHANGES TO THE SECOND EDITION ix

Part 1

Air University Style Guide for Writers and Editors

1.0 Terms and Usage 3

2.0 Abbreviations 29

3.0 Grammar and Punctuation 61

3.1 Grammar 61

3.2 Punctuation 71

4.0 Mechanics 85

4.1 Capitalization 85

4.2 Spelling and Word Formation 103

4.3 Numbers 119

4.4 Italics 127

4.5 Display Dots 133

5.0 Documentation 135

Appendix

A Note Citations 145

B Bibliographic Entries 169

C Copyright 181

BIBLIOGRAPHY 183

INDEX 187

contents

Part 2

Air University Press Author Guide

About Us 205

Payment to Authors 206

Classied and Sensitive Material 206

Security and Policy Review 206

Production Schedule 207

Accepted Manuscripts 207

Submission Instructions 207

Submitting a Manuscript to the Publication Review Board 209

Submitting an Accepted Manuscript for Publication 209

Formatting Your Manuscript 209

Formatting and Submitting Tables and Illustrations 210

Seed List for Index 212

Permissions 213

Distribution List 214

Checklist 214

Appendix

A Publishing Agreement 215

B Author’s Checklist 221

C Illustrations Log 225

Foreword

As the intellectual and leadership center of the Air Force, the Air University

(AU) produces cutting-edge scholarship on airpower to advance our under-

standing of defense and national security issues. e Air University Style and

Author Guide helps ensure that the form and style of AU scholarship are as

impressive as the substance.

Like its predecessor, this second edition of AU-1, Air University Style and

Author Guide, will prove to be indispensable to AU faculty, sta, students, and

prospective authors. Faithful use of this guide will help the airpower community

produce scholarly manuscripts that conform to current academic norms of style,

format, language, and documentation.

Part 1 of this publication, “Air University Style Guide for Writers and Editors,”

provides guidance on such matters as grammar, mechanics, and documentation

of sources. Part 2, “Air University Press Author Guide,” oers instructions for

authors who wish to submit manuscripts for possible publication by AU Press.

In most matters, the Air University Style and Author Guide follows the Chicago

Manual of Style, 16th edition, but it also addresses many military-specic matters

of style and mechanics that are not covered in most other style guides. AU-1 is

an important reference tool for all AU writers, and I highly encourage its use.

STEVEN L. KWAST

Lieutenant General, USAF

Commander and President, Air University

vii

Preface

Writing is easy. All you have to do is cross out the wrong words.

—Mark Twain

I am pleased to introduce the second edition of AU-1, Air University Style

and Author Guide. is edition reects the latest guidance from the Chicago

Manual of Style, 16th edition, and authoritative Department of Defense

sources. It is designed to be useful to every researcher and writer at Air Uni-

versity, whether authoring a course paper, thesis, journal article, or book for

publication.

e Style Guide includes part 1, “Air University Style Guide for Writers and

Editors,” which has served as AU’s style manual since 2001, and part 2, “Air

University Press Author Guide,” which provides instructions for potential AU

Press authors. e guidance in part 1 is divided into ve sections: terms and

usage, abbreviations, grammar and punctuation, mechanics, and documenta-

tion. Within each section, entries are arranged alphabetically.

One strength of the Style Guide is its coverage of military style issues, such

as acronyms, military ranks, and specialized military terms. For this reason,

the Style Guide may be of interest to those outside the Air Force who write or

edit manuscripts about military issues. But it is also an accessible and au-

thoritative source of guidance applicable to all disciplines: punctuation, the

treatment of numbers, grammar issues such as parallelism and passive voice,

and so forth. New users will nd the index helpful in locating specic topics.

e Style Guide is also available electronically (a PDF le) from the AU Press

website, making it easily searchable for key terms.

Of course, the Style Guide cannot address every aspect of writing or every

style issue. For topics not covered here, users should consult the Chicago

Manual of Style, 16th edition, which this guide follows in most matters. We

base spellings and denitions on Webster’s ird New International Dictionary

of the English Language, Unabridged, and Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dic-

tionary, 11th edition (in the guide, the term dictionary refers to one or both of

these sources). For advice on grammatical issues, we recommend the eighth

edition of Index to English by Wilma R. and David R. Ebbitt or the seventh

edition of Rules for Writers by Diana Hacker and Nancy Sommers.

Many individuals at AU, the Air Force Research Institute, and AU Press

have contributed to the development of this second edition. It is an improve-

viii

preface

ment but undoubtedly imperfect. We invite interested writers and editors to

send comments and suggestions for later editions to Dr. Marvin Bassett, editor

of the Air University Style and Author Guide (aupr[email protected]).

ALLEN G. PECK, AD-26

Director, Air Force Research Institute

Note on Changes to the Second Edition

Nine years have passed since publication of the rst edition of AU-1, Air

University Style and Author Guide, which replaced the Air University Style

Guide for Writers and Editors, also designated AU-1. e new AU-1 intro-

duced expanded coverage of stylistic principles, a revised organizational

scheme, a numbering system to facilitate the location of entries, and an au-

thor guide to assist contributors in submitting their work to Air University

Press. Although the second edition of the guide retains those features, it oers

both new guidance and changes to existing principles occasioned by additional

experience dealing with the needs of Air Force writers and by the appearance

of the 16th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, AU-1’s authoritative source

of stylistic guidance. It also adds tabs that allow users to locate the guide’s major

sections quickly and easily.

Users of the guide will nd much that is new in part 1, “Air University Style

Guide for Writers and Editors.” For example, section 1.0, “Terms and Usage,”

revises the use of access dates in notes and bibliography entries (1.3); covers

the treatment of Arabic terms and names (1.10); updates the handling of clas-

sied sources (1.21); provides more in-depth advice about creating and al-

phabetizing an index (1.37); and oers more latitude in the use of subhead-

ings (1.60). Section 2.0, “Abbreviations,” permits spelling-out of the titles

President and Senator and recommends use of the two-letter abbreviations of

the US Postal Service. It also presents the digital object identier (DOI) as a

more stable locator than the URL (2.142); notes the new uppercase styling of

Global Positioning System (GPS) (2.194); adds the academic degree master of

philosophy in military strategy (MPMS) from the School of Advanced Air

and Space Studies (2.309); and claries the use of unmanned aircra system

(UAS) (2.477) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (2.478). Section 3.0,

“Grammar and Punctuation,” addresses the handling of apostrophes in proper

nouns and possessives ending in silent “s” and an “eez” sound (3.2.1); it also

permits the use of a comma following a question mark or an exclamation

point in the title of a work (3.2.5). In section 4.0, “Mechanics,” users of the

guide learn that (like Airman) Sailor, Soldier, and Marine are capitalized in

references to US personnel (4.1.125, 4.1.135, 4.2.150); that the second ele-

ment of a hyphenated number is capitalized in the titles of works (Lolita’s

Twenty-First Birthday) and in the name of a numbered air force (Twenty-

ird Air Force) (4.1.149, 4.3.19); that they can choose between terms such as

web/website or Web/Web site (4.1.154); that they should follow the diction-

ary’s spelling of compound words with cyber and use open styling with cyber

words that don’t appear in the dictionary (4.2.62); that the term Koran has

two secondary variants considered part of standard usage, as is the case with

variant forms of sharia (4.2.135, 4.2.222); that Shiite is the guide’s recommended

spelling (4.2.223); that an exception to the general rule for spelling whole

numbers occurs if several numbers appear in the same sentence, some normally

spelled out and some normally represented by numerals (4.3); that cardinal

rather than ordinal numbers are used with abbreviations of military units

(97th Air Mobility Wing / 97 AMW) (4.3.17); and that certain principles govern

whether the names of websites or sections of websites are displayed in roman

type, italics, or quotation marks (4.4). In section 5.0, “Documentation,” readers

nd that the guide now claries the alphabetizing of single and multiauthor

entries in a bibliography (5.1) and that the rst paragraph of a block quotation

is indented but not its subsequent paragraphs (5.2). Appendix A, “Note Citations,”

now allows inclusion of the subject of a memorandum, oers guidance on doc-

umenting information found in blogs, and recommends forms of notes and

bibliography entries for doctrine publications in light of the reorganization and

renaming of those publications by the Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine

Development and Education. Finally, Part 2, “Air University Press Author

Guide,” outlines the guidelines on copyright, fair use, and permissions that

AU Press has adopted from the University of Chicago Press. us, with this

second edition, the Air University Style and Author Guide continues to fulll

its objective of meeting the needs of Air Force writers by providing the most

recent and pertinent stylistic guidance available.

note on cHanGes to tHe seconD eDItIon

Part 1

Air University Style Guide for Writers and Editors

1.0 TERMS AND USAGE │ 3

Terms and Usage

1.0 Terms and Usage

is section contains explanations of the conventional use of se-

lected common words (e.g., a or an, bimonthly, entitle or title, while)

and of terms having distinctive meanings in publishing (e.g., caption,

foreword, glossary, illustrations/gures, running heads, tables). It also

provides guidance on the use of terms that might prove distracting or

oensive to readers (e.g., Negro, profanity, sexist language) and identi-

es acceptable variants of certain words (e.g., US Air Force / Air Force

/ USAF, weapon system / weapons system, World War I / World War 1

/ First World War / Great War).

1.1 a/an. Use a before consonant sounds and an before vowel sounds: a

historical event, not an historical event. Since an abbreviation is usu-

ally read as a series of letters or as a word, choose the indenite article

in accordance with the pronunciation of the rst letter (an NCA deci-

sion) or the pronunciation of the word (a NATO meeting).

1.2 above. You may use above to refer to information higher on the same

page or on a preceding page:

e report found aws in the above interpretation.

1.3 access date. An access date is the date on which you consult an online

resource. You do not have to include it in a note or bibliography entry.

You may wish to do so, however, if the resource has no date of pub-

lication or revision. If you do include an access date, place it before

the URL or DOI, preceded and followed by a comma (in a note) or a

period (in a bibliography entry). See also URL (2.486), DOI (2.142).

1. “Glossary,” SitePoint, accessed 21 October 2010,

http://www.sitepoint.com/glossary.php?q=I.

“Glossary.” SitePoint. Accessed 21 October 2010.

http://www.sitepoint.com/glossary.php?q=I.

1.4 aerospace. In general, use air and space (1.8) rather than aerospace.

1.5 aircra. Show model designations by adding the letter without a

space: F-4C, B-52H.

1.6 air force. When referring to the air force of the United States, use

United States Air Force, US Air Force, Air Force, or USAF. Use air

force to refer to an air force in general. See also 4.1 (capitalization of

armies, navies, air forces, etc.).

1.7 Air Force–wide (adj., adv.). Use an en dash (3.2.6) in this compound.

4 │ 1.0 TERMS AND USAGE

Terms and Usage

1.8 air and space. Use this term rather than aerospace.

1.9 and/or. Acceptable, but don’t overuse. According to Ebbitt and Ebbitt

(see “Bibliography,” p. 185 of this guide), “and/or is used primarily in

business writing. . . . It is objected to by some readers because and/

or looks odd and because and or or alone is oen all that’s needed.

But it’s sometimes useful when there are three alternatives—both the

items mentioned or either one of them: ination and/or depression”

(p. 24). See also slash (3.2.17).

1.10 Arabic terms and names. In transliterations of Arabic, use an apos-

trophe ( ’ ) to represent the hamza (Qur’an) and an opening single

quotation mark ( ‘ ) to represent the ‘ayn (‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti).

Use a hyphen to join the Arabic denite article, al, to a noun (al-

Qaeda). For the titles of works and journals as well as the names of

organizations, capitalize only the rst word and proper nouns; capi-

talize al only when it begins a sentence or the title of a work.

Kitab al-Muqaa al-kabir

Tahdhib al-kamal  asma’ al-rijal

Al-Qa’ida’s Doctrine for Insurgency

Arabic surnames oen include prexes such as Abu, Abd, Ibn, al, or

el, the capitalization of which varies. In general, lowercase such terms

joined with a hyphen; do not drop them when using the surname alone.

Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud; Ibn Saud

Syed Abu Zafar Nadvi; Abu Zafar Nadvi

Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti; al-Tikriti

Alphabetize Arabic names by surname, using the part of the name

following the article al but retaining Abu, Abd, and Ibn.

Abu Zafar Nadvi, Syed

Ibn Saud, Abdul Aziz

Tikriti, Barzan Ibrahim al-

1.11 arms control (n.)

1.12 arms-control (adj.)

1.13 art, artwork. See illustrations/gures (1.36).

1.14 back matter. Elements following the main text of a book are known

as the back matter. In order, they include appendix(es), chronology

(if not in the front matter), abbreviations (if not in the front matter),

glossary, bibliography, list of contributors, and index(es). Use Arabic

numerals to number the pages of the back matter.

1.0 TERMS AND USAGE │ 5

Terms and Usage

1.15 below. You may use below to refer to information lower on the same

page or on a following page:

ese exercises, discussed below, are important to a unit’s training.

1.16 biannual, biennial. Biannual and semiannual mean twice a year;

biennial means every two years; biannual can also mean every two

years. For clarity, use twice a year or every two years.

1.17 bimonthly. Bimonthly can mean every two months or twice a month;

semimonthly means twice a month. For clarity, use every two months

or twice a month.

1.18 biweekly. Biweekly can mean every two weeks or twice a week. For

clarity, use every two weeks or twice a week.

1.19 black (people) (n., adj.). Use black (or Black) ocer, black (or Black)

people, blacks (or Blacks). See also white (people) (1.77).

1.20 caption. A caption, which describes an illustration or a gure, fol-

lows the number of the gure on a line parallel to and ush le with

the bottom of the gure. Place a period at the end of the caption if it

is a complete sentence; preferably, use sentence-style capitalization

even if it is not a complete sentence (see also titles of works [4.1.149];

tables [1.62]). Do not use a period at the end of a caption that is an

incomplete sentence unless you follow it with a complete sentence:

Figure 1. Carrier air wing. As the Air Force assembles composite

wings, it would do well to study how the Navy operates its carrier air

wings. e composite nature of the carrier air wing is evident from

this deck photo of the USS eodore Roosevelt and its complement

of aircra.

Figure 2. System owchart applied to mission accomplishment

Note that the gure designation and caption may be set in boldface:

Figure 2. Operationally responsive space: View of near-space ar-

chitecture

Figure 3. Responsiveness of space architecture. e ORS initiative

divides improvements in responsiveness into categories that include

the space vehicle, launch vehicle, and infrastructure. Improving each

of these areas simultaneously presents a challenge. (Reprinted from

brieng, Lt Col Gus Hernandez, Headquarters Air Force Space Com-

mand [AFSPC], Directorate of Plans and Requirements, subject: ORS

Overview, 7 March 2005.)

Use headline-style capitalization and italics for a work of art:

Figure 9. Starry Night

6 │ 1.0 TERMS AND USAGE

Terms and Usage

You may either spell out or abbreviate “gure,” and you may sepa-

rate its number from the caption by using either a period or (if the

gure number and caption are typographically dierent) a space.

Choose one style and use it consistently.

Fig. 1. US bomb tonnage dropped on Germany by month

Figure 3 US airpower versus the world

Plate 3 Venice in winter

Identify the source of an illustration with a credit line, in parenthe-

ses, at the end of the caption. Use “reprinted from” or “adapted from,”

depending upon whether you have copied the illustration or modi-

ed it, respectively:

Figure 3. Competitive eects on general and administrative costs.

(Adapted from Maj Paul G. Hough, “Financial Management for the

New World Order,” Airpower Journal 6, no. 3 [Fall 1992]: 51.)

Figure 3. Responsiveness of space architecture. e ORS initiative

divides improvements in responsiveness into categories that include

the space vehicle, launch vehicle, and infrastructure. Improving

each of these areas simultaneously presents a challenge. (Reprinted

from brieng, Lt Col Gus Hernandez, Headquarters Air Force Space

Command [AFSPC], Directorate of Plans and Requirements, sub-

ject: ORS Overview, 7 March 2005.)

For a photo obtained free of charge, place the photographer’s name

underneath the photo and use the word “courtesy”:

Photograph courtesy of Col Mike Schrieve

Mayor Lunsford at the groundbreaking ceremony for the industrial

plant, September 2002. Courtesy of Cathi Fredericks.

Unless fair use applies (see appendix C), copyrighted illustrations

require permission. (Generally, AU Press authors must obtain per-

mission for all copyrighted illustrations to be reproduced in an AU

Press publication.)

Reproduced by permission from T. R. Fehrenbach, is Kind of War

(Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Brassey’s, 2000), facing 237.

If you use words such as le, right, top, bottom, or le to right to

identify individual subjects within an illustration, put them in italics,

preceding the subjects they identify.

Figure 1. Le to right: George Jones, Henry Johnson, and John Hopkins

Figure 3. Upper le, B-1; upper right, F-15; lower le, C-5; center, XV-3;

lower right, XV-15

1.0 TERMS AND USAGE │ 7

Terms and Usage

If you include a list of illustrations, which follows the table of contents

on a separate page, you do not have to reprint the captions exactly as

they appear in the text. If they are lengthy, you should shorten them

See also capitalization (4.1).

4.1.98 Middle Ages

4.1.99 MiG(s). Capital M, lowercase i, capital G. Soviet aircra developed by

the design bureau of Gen Artem Mikoyan and Gen Mikhail Gurevich.

98 │ 4.0 MECHANICS

Capitalization

4.1.100 military establishment

4.1.101 military-industrial complex

4.1.102 military terms. Capitalize proper names of armies, navies, air

forces, eets, regiments, battalions, companies, corps, and so forth.

Lowercase the words army, navy, air force, and so forth, standing

alone or when they are not part of a proper name (except when they

refer to US forces):

When questioned about a separate air force, the general saw it as a

matter for the Army to decide.

See also capitalization (4.1).

4.1.103 military titles and oces. See 2.296.

4.1.104 moon. See also earth (4.1.56).

4.1.105 mottoes. Enclose mottoes and similar expressions in quotation

marks, capitalize them as if they were titles, or capitalize the rst

word only:

“A penny saved is a penny earned” was his favorite maxim.

e ag bore the motto Don’t Tread on Me.

He was fond of the motto All for one and one for all.

4.1.106 naval forces. Lowercase naval forces, but use Navy forces in the con-

text of the US Navy.

4.1.107 naval station. Capitalize naval station only in proper names: Nor-

folk Naval Station, the naval station, the station. Use Navy station to

refer to a US Navy installation.

4.1.108 Navy. Capitalize Navy when referring to the US service. For foreign

naval forces, see capitalization (4.1).

4.1.109 nuclear triad

4.1.110 ocials, government. See capitalization (4.1).

4.1.111 operations, names of. Write the names of operations with ini-

tial capital letters: Operation Hayli, Operation Torch, Operation

Crossroad, Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, Operation

Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom.

4.1.112 organizations. See capitalization (4.1).

4.1.113 panzer, Panzer IV (German tank); panzer division, 17th Panzer

Division (German armored division)

4.0 MECHANICS │ 99

Capitalization

4.1.114 party (political). See capitalization (4.1).

4.1.115 Persian Gulf War. See also capitalization (4.1); Gulf War (4.1.75).

4.1.116 plans. Capitalize the names of military plans.

Air War Plans Division, Plan 1 (AWPD-1), Munitions Require-

ments of the Army Air Forces

4.1.117 p.m. (post meridiem [aer noon]). Either write the abbreviation

in lowercase with periods or set it in small caps without periods

(choose one style and use it consistently). See also a.m. (ante meri-

diem [before noon]) (4.1.15).

4.1.118 president. Capitalize president only when the term precedes a per-

son’s name; otherwise, lowercase it. You may either capitalize and

spell out or capitalize and abbreviate president when it precedes a

full name (choose one style and use it consistently): President John

F. Kennedy or Pres. John F. Kennedy; President Kennedy; the presi-

dent. See also capitalization (4.1); abbreviations (2.0).

4.1.119 RAND or RAND Corporation

4.1.120 regiment. 2d [or 2nd] Armored Cavalry Regiment, the regiment.

See also capitalization (4.1); military units (4.3.17).

4.1.121 regions of the world. See capitalization (4.1).

4.1.122 regular. Capitalize regular when it is part of the name of a compo-

nent: Regular Air Force, Regular Army.

4.1.123 Republican Party, Republican(s) (member[s] of the party). See

also capitalization (4.1).

4.1.124 Reserve(s). Capitalize Reserve(s) if the term is part of the name of

a component: Air Force Reserve, Ready Reserve, Standby Reserve.

Capitalize it as a synonym for Air Force Reserve: the Reserve. But

reserve component, the reserve ocer, the reservist(s) (all generic,

service unspecied). As a guide to capitalization, apply the follow-

ing test: if Air Force Reserve can be logically substituted for reserve,

use R. e same rule applies to other military services.

4.1.125 Sailor (in references to US personnel)

4.1.126 seasons. Do not capitalize the four seasons unless they are personi-

ed: spring, summer, fall, winter. Capitalize them in publication

dates in endnotes for journal references: (Fall 2003). See also capi-

talization (4.1).

100 │ 4.0 MECHANICS

Capitalization

4.1.127 security classication. Capitalize only the initial letter of a term

indicating a specic security classication: Secret, Condential.

4.1.128 Senate. Capitalize this term in references to the US Senate.

4.1.129 senator. You may either capitalize and spell out or capitalize and

abbreviate senator when it precedes a full name (choose one style

and use it consistently); capitalize and spell out the term when it

precedes a surname only; lowercase the term when it follows a

personal name or is used alone in place of a name: Senator Rich-

ard Shelby or Sen. Richard Shelby; Senator Shelby; Richard Shelby,

Republican senator from Alabama; the senator from Alabama. See

also abbreviations (2.0); capitalization (4.1).

4.1.130 service. Lowercase service in references to one of a nation’s military

forces (e.g., an army or navy).

4.1.131 show of force

4.1.132 Signal Corps, the corps

4.1.133 Smithsonian Institution

4.1.134 Socialist Party, Socialist (member of the party), socialism (the-

ory or school of thought), socialist (advocate of socialism). See

also capitalization (4.1).

4.1.135 Soldier (in references to US personnel)

4.1.136 South. Capitalize in references to a specic geographical region.

See also capitalization (4.1).

4.1.137 space programs. Capitalize but do not italicize the names of space

programs: Project Apollo.

4.1.138 space shuttle

4.1.139 Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Speaker of the

House, the Speaker. Capitalize Speaker to avoid ambiguity.

4.1.140 Spetsnaz

4.1.141 Sputnik. Capitalize this term; italicize when it is part of the name of

a specic satellite: Sputnik II.

4.1.142 squadron. Capitalize squadron in references to a numbered unit,

but lowercase it when used alone: 732d [or 732nd] Bomber Squad-

ron, the squadron.

4.1.143 standby (n., adj.). Capitalize standby in references to the Air Force

Reserve: Standby Reserve. See also Reserve(s) (4.1.124).

4.0 MECHANICS │ 101

Capitalization

4.1.144 stealth bomber, stealth technology

4.1.145 sun. See also earth (4.1.56).

4.1.146 Supreme Court (of the United States). Shortened form: the Court.

See also capitalization (4.1).

4.1.147 theater, theatre. Shortened form of theater of operations or theater

of war. Lowercase, as in European theater. Either spelling is stan-

dard; choose one and use it consistently.

4.1.148 third world or ird World (n., adj.)

4.1.149 titles of works. Capitalize the rst and last words and all nouns,

pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinating conjunc-

tions in titles and subheadings. Lowercase articles (the, a, an), co-

ordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so), and preposi-

tions, unless they are the rst or last words of the title or subtitle.

Lowercase the to in innitives. Lowercase the word as.

e Problem with Our Airpower Doctrine

Always capitalize the rst element of a hyphenated compound

word in a title; capitalize the other elements unless they are articles,

prepositions, or coordinating conjunctions:

Eighteenth-Century Fiction

Over-the-Hill Gang

Fly-by-Night Businesses

Do not capitalize the second element of a hyphenated prex un-

less it is a proper noun or proper adjective:

Anti-inationary Guidelines

Non-Christian Religions

Capitalize the second element of a hyphenated, spelled-out number:

Lolita’s Twenty-First Birthday

Capitalize the nal element of a hyphenated compound at the

end of a title unless it is a hyphenated prex:

Avoiding a Run-In

Haven of Anti-intellectualism

See also italics (4.4).

132 │ 4.0 MECHANICS

Italics

4.4.21 spacecra. Italicize specic names of spacecra and articial satel-

lites: Gemini II, Apollo 11. Also italicize names of particular space

vehicles or components: Eagle (Apollo 11 lunar module), Columbia

(Apollo 11 command module or space shuttle), and Friendship 7

(Alan Shepard’s Mercury capsule).

4.4.22 Spetsnaz. No italics.

4.4.23 words as words. Place words referred to as words in either italics or quo-

tation marks: Tom wasn’t sure whether airpower was one word or two.

4.0 MECHANICS │ 133

Display Dots

4.5 Display Dots

Display dots are typographical devices used to emphasize specic

items; they are not organizational devices used to subordinate textual

elements. Use them when one item is no more important than the

others or when the items do not show a sequence. Entries may be

either complete or incomplete sentences but should be syntactically

parallel and no longer than two or three sentences. Since display dots

are used primarily for emphasis, use them sparingly and keep the in-

formation as short as possible. Indent each entry, and align run-over

lines with the rst word aer the dot.

A special court-martial tries intermediate, noncapital oenses. It may be

convened by any of the following:

• Any person who may convene a general court-martial.

• A commander empowered by the secretary of the Air Force un-

less otherwise directed.

• A commander of a wing, group, or separate squadron of the Air

Force unless otherwise directed.

Specically, the Oce of Antiterrorism is charged with the following

measures:

• Helping the newly formed Air Force Antiterrorism Council keep

pace with related developments. Members of the council include

senior ocers of various deputy and assistant chiefs of sta, the

Oce of Security Police, the Oce of the Judge Advocate Gen-

eral, and other agencies.

• Developing policy and guidance concerning security measures

and precautions.

• Monitoring terrorist trends and providing information on such

matters to interested agencies and commands.

e Camp David accords provide a process to facilitate the implementation

of Resolution 242:

• a ve-year transitional period for the West Bank and Gaza, pro-

viding full autonomy to the inhabitants;

• negotiations on the nal status of the West Bank and Gaza and on

a peace treaty between Jordan and Israel, to begin no later than

three years into the transitional period;

• a framework for peace negotiations between Israel and Egypt; and

• principles for peace treaties between Israel and its other neigh-

boring states.

e following agencies have been established:

134 │ 4.0 MECHANICS

Display Dots

• e Cryptologic-Equipment Engineering-Data Support Center

• e Nuclear-Ordnance Engineering-Data Support Center

• e Air and Space Guidance and Metrological Engineering-Data

Support Center

• e Communications-Electronics Engineering-Data Support Center

In classied reports, material emphasized by display dots is con-

sidered part of the paragraph that introduced it, not as a separate

paragraph.

5.0 DOCUMENTATION │ 135

Documentation

5.0 Documentation (is guide uses the notes and bibliography

system rather than the author-date reference system.)

5.1 bibliography. A bibliography is a list of books, articles, and other

works used in preparing a manuscript. It immediately precedes the

index and may be arranged alphabetically or divided into the kinds of

materials used (books, theses and papers, government publications,

periodicals, etc.) (especially in a lengthy bibliography). Whatever the

arrangement, do not list any source more than once. It may include

only selected titles that may or may not be annotated.

You may annotate the bibliography to direct the reader to other

works or to briey explain the contents, relevance, or value of specic

sections of the book.

Invert the names of authors (i.e., last name rst) and separate the

various components of information with periods.

An alphabetical list is the most common type of bibliography. Ar-

range all sources alphabetically by the last names of the authors, in a

single list. When no author is given, use the rst word of the title as

the key word for alphabetizing. If a publication issued by an organiza-

tion carries no author’s name, use the name of the organization as the

author, even if the organization is also the publisher. Note the follow-

ing points from the Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.) regarding the

alphabetizing of bibliography entries (Chicago section cited in paren-

theses). Otherwise, the principles for alphabetizing an index (see 1.37

of this guide) also apply to a bibliography.

(14.61) A single-author entry precedes a multiauthor entry begin-

ning with the same name. Only the name of the rst author is in-

verted.

Kogan, Herman. e First Century: e Chicago Bar Association,

1874–1974. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1974.

Kogan, Herman, and Lloyd Wendt. Chicago: A Pictorial History. New

York: Dutton, 1958.

(14.62) Successive entries by two or more authors in which only

the rst author’s name is the same are alphabetized according to the

coauthors’ last names.

Brooks, Daniel R., and Deborah A. McLennan. e Nature of Diver-

sity: An Evolutionary Voyage of Discovery. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 2002.

Brooks, Daniel R., and E. O. Wiley. Evolution as Entropy. 2nd ed. Chi-

cago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.

(14.67) Titles by the same author are normally listed alphabetical-

ly. Rather than repeat the author’s name in an immediately following

136 │ 5.0 DOCUMENTATION

Documentation

entry, use a three-em dash. An initial the, a, or an is ignored in the

alphabetizing. Note that all works by the same person (or by the same

persons in the same order)—whether that person is editor, author,

translator, or compiler—appear together, regardless of the added ab-

breviation.

Ginger, Ray. e Bending Cross: A Biography of Eugene Victor Debs.

New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1949.

——— . Six Days or Forever? Tennessee v. John omas Scopes. Chi-

cago: Quadrangle Books, 1969.

Mulvany, Nancy C. “Copyright for Indexes, Revisited.” ASI Newsletter

107 (November–December 1991): 11–13.

——— , ed. Indexing, Providing Access to Information—Looking

Back, Looking Ahead: Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the

American Society of Indexers. Port Aransas, TX: American Society

of Indexers, 1993.

——— . “Soware Tools for Indexing: What We Need.” Indexer 17

(October 1990): 108–13.

e following are examples of citations in bibliographic format:

AFPD 36-4. Air Force Civilian Training, Education, and Development,

12 February 2004.

Clausewitz, Carl von. On War. Edited and translated by Michael How-

ard and Peter Paret. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976.

Cressey, George B. China’s Geographic Foundations: A Survey of the

Land and Its People. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1934.

Curtis E. Lemay Center for Doctrine Development and Education. Volume

I, Basic Doctrine, 14 October 2011.

https://doctrine.af.mil/download.jsp?lename=Volume-1-Basic

-Doctrine.pdf.

Cuskey, Walter R., Arnold William Klein, and William Krasner. Drug-

Trip Abroad: American Drug-Refugees in Amsterdam and London.

Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972.

Drew, Col Dennis M. “Joint Operations: e World Looks Dier-

ent from 10,000 Feet.” Airpower Journal 2, no. 3 (Fall 1988): 4–16.

http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj88/drew

.html. [provide beginning and ending page numbers for journal

articles]

Fairbank, John K. “e People’s Middle Kingdom.” Foreign Aairs 58

(June 1964): 943–68.

Hall, Col Brian K. “Air Expeditionary Access: e African Connec-

tion.” Air and Space Power Journal 17, no. 3 (Fall 2003): 47–56.

http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/fal03

/fal03.pdf.

Schurman, Franz. China Today. New York: Vintage Books, 1970.

——— . Imperial China: e Decline of the Last Dynasty and the Ori-

gins of Modern China. New York: Vintage Books, 1967.

Spencer, Scott. “Childhood’s End.” Harper’s, May 1979, 16–19.

Stevenson, Adlai E., III. e Citizen and His Government. Austin: Uni-

versity of Texas Press, 1984.

5.0 DOCUMENTATION │ 137

Documentation

See appendix B and page 185 of this guide (“Bibliography”), as well

as the 16th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style, for more examples

and specic rules for developing a bibliography.

5.2 block quotations. Use a block quotation for passages easily set apart

from the text, eight or more typed lines, 100 words or more, or ex-

ceeding one paragraph. Indent from both sides and single-space. Do

not use quotation marks to enclose the block quotation. Use double

quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation within a block quo-

tation. Do not indent the rst paragraph, but do indent subsequent

paragraphs. Do not insert a space between paragraphs. e block

quotation should reect the paragraphing of the original.

In volume one of AFM 1-1, Basic Aerospace Doctrine of the United

States Air Force (March 1992), Gen Merrill A. McPeak remarks,

e guidance this manual provides will be valuable to those in

eld units and to those in headquarters, to those in operations and

to those in support areas, to those who understand air and space

power and to those who are just learning. In short, this manual

will be valuable to the entire force.

I expect every airman and, in particular, every noncommis-

sioned and commissioned ocer to read, study, and understand

volume I and to become fully conversant with volume II. e con-

tents of these two volumes are at the heart of the profession of

arms for airmen.

e sentence that introduces a block quotation may end with a period.

is assumes that the costs of undertaking the rst part of the conict

are “sunk” once the decision for armed intervention is made. One

conict scenario in particular illustrates this point.

Regime change is forced during the course of the initial conict.

Additional marginal losses occur in both the military and civilian

populations. Postconict losses are minimal but still happen due

to incidents that arise during nation-building eorts. e costs of

nation building are signicant, but the total expense is likely to be

less than that of the other scenarios.

5.3 classied sources. If your document will be available to the general

public, do not cite classied information or the titles of classied doc-

uments (whether in the text, notes, bibliography, etc.).

5.4 credit line. Identify the source of an illustration (see 1.36) with a

credit line. Place it at the end of the caption (see 1.20), in parentheses

or in dierent type (or both), introduced by reprinted from or adapted

from, depending upon whether you have copied the illustration or

modied it, respectively:

Figure 3. Competitive eects on general and administrative costs.

(Adapted from Maj Paul G. Hough, “Financial Management for the

New World Order,” Airpower Journal 6, no. 3 [Fall 1992]: 51.)

138 │ 5.0 DOCUMENTATION

Documentation

Place the photographer’s name underneath a photograph and use the

word “courtesy” for a photo obtained free of charge:

Photograph courtesy of Col Mike Schrieve

Mayor Lunsford at the groundbreaking ceremony for the industrial

plant, September 2002. Courtesy of Cathi Fredericks.

Photographs from Air Force or other government sources do not re-

quire a credit line although you may include one if you wish (e.g.,

USAF photo). If all photos derive from a single source, you may omit

individual credit lines and simply include an appropriate statement

on the disclaimer page (e.g., e photographs in this book are from

US Air Force sources.).

Unless fair use applies (see appendix C), copyrighted illustrations

require permission. (Generally, AU Press authors must obtain per-

mission for all copyrighted illustrations to be reproduced in an AU

Press publication.)

Reproduced by permission from T. R. Fehrenbach, is Kind of War

(Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Brassey’s, 2000), facing 237.

If you reproduce a table from another source, identify it below the

body of the table, introduced by the word Source(s) (oen in italics

and followed by a colon). Or, since the word source lacks specic-

ity, consider using reprinted from or adapted from, depending upon

whether you have copied the table or modied it, respectively. Do

not identify the source by placing a note number aer either the table

number or the table title and then including an endnote in the list of

chapter notes. If you include a note about the entire table, place it af-

ter the source and precede it with the word “Note” and a colon.

Reprinted from Department of the Air Force, Air Force Performance in Des-

ert Storm (Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Government Printing Oce, April

1991); and author’s collation of published data.

Note: ese gures represent the most reliable information currently

available.

See also identifying sources of tables (1.62); appendix C.

5.5 notes. Use the numbered-endnote and bibliography system of doc-

umentation rather than the author-date reference system. Number

the notes consecutively—beginning with 1—throughout a document

and throughout the list of notes at the end of chapters or journal ar-

ticles. Do not place note numbers aer epigraphs or chapter titles. In

text, put a superior (superscript) number at the end of a sentence or

at least at the end of a clause, following any punctuation mark (except

5.0 DOCUMENTATION │ 139

Documentation

a dash) or a closing parenthesis. In the note itself, place the number

(full-sized, not superscript) on the line and follow it with a period.

Strategic considerations were oen discussed,

and Arnold urged

abandonment of the “old ‘island to island’ theory.”

Russia agreed to stop sales to Brazil—a longtime practice—at the urg-

ing of the State Department.

(When General Franks gave Bush a probable number of casualties,

the president approved the attack.)

3. Joseph S. Nye Jr., e Paradox of American Power: Why the

World’s Only Superpower Can’t Go It Alone (New York: Oxford Uni-

versity Press, 2002), 8.

Include the following items in a full note reference to a book: (1)

author’s or editor’s full name (as it appears on the title page), rst

name rst, including military rank (abbreviated) or academic title

if included on title page, or name of institution responsible for writ-

ing the book (alternatively, the editor’s name may follow the title of

the book [see (3)]); (2) title of the book, including subtitle, in ital-

ics; (3) editor, compiler, or translator, if any; (4) edition, if not the

rst; (5) number of volumes (if referring to a multivolume work as

a whole); (6) volume number of multivolume work (if referring to

one specic volume); (7) title of volume, if applicable; (8) series, if

any, and number in the series; (9) facts of publication—city where

published, publisher, and date of publication, all in parentheses; (10)

volume number (if citing a multivolume work, all of whose volumes

have the same title), followed by a colon; (11) page number(s) of the

specic citation; and (12) a URL (or, preferably, a DOI, if available)

for Internet sources or some indication of the medium cited (e.g.,

DVD, CD-ROM).

1. Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass (Philadelphia: David McKay,

1891), 29, http://www.whitmanarchive.org/archive1/works/leaves/1891

/text/frameset.html.

2. Col Phillip S. Meilinger, ed., e Paths of Heaven: e Evolution

of Airpower eory (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1997), 47.

3. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. and trans. Michael Howard

and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 13.

4. Desmond King-Hele, Shelley: His ought and Work, 2nd ed.

(Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1971), 311.

5. Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., e Army Air

Forces in World War II, 7 vols. (1948–1958; new imprint, Washington,

DC [or D.C.]: Oce of Air Force History, 1983).

6. Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., e Army Air

Forces in World War II, vol. 2, Europe: Torch to Pointblank, August

1942 to December 1943 (1949; new imprint, Washington, DC [or D.C.]:

Oce of Air Force History, 1983), 288–95.

140 │ 5.0 DOCUMENTATION

Documentation

7. Edward Hubler, e Sense of Shakespeare’s Sonnets, Princeton

Studies in English, no. 33 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,

1952), 117.

8. George A. Simcox, A History of Latin Literature from Ennius to

Boethius (New York: Harper, 1883), 2: 438.

Include the following items in a full reference to an article in a

periodical: (1) author’s full name, rst name rst, including military

rank (abbreviated) or academic title if included in byline of article;

(2) title of the article in quotation marks; (3) title of the periodical

in italics; (4) volume number (no abbreviation for volume) and issue

number (use no. for number) of the periodical; (5) date of the volume

or of the issue (enclosed in parentheses and followed by a colon if vol-

ume and/or issue number are given; otherwise, the date is set o with

a pair of commas); (6) page number(s) of the particular citation; and

(7) a URL (or, preferably, a DOI, if available) for online periodicals.

2. Steven Bachrach et al., “Intellectual Property: Who Should

Own Scientic Papers?,” Science 281, no. 5382 (4 September 1998):

1459, doi:10.1126/science.281.5382.1459.

For subsequent references to a source, use only (1) the last name of

the author; (2) a shortened form of the title (preferably up to the rst

four words of the title or up to four key words elsewhere in the title,

if more appropriate), omitting an initial “A” or “e”; (3) a comma;

and (4) the page number(s) of the reference. Dierentiate between

authors with the same last name.

3. Edward M. Coman, e War to End All Wars: e American

Military Experience in World War I (Madison: University of Wiscon-

sin Press, 1986), 215.

4. Hunter Liggett, Ten Years Ago in France (New York: Dodd,

Mead, 1928), 84.

5. Dr. Robin Higham and Dr. Mark P. Parillo, “Management Margin:

Essential for Victory,” Aerospace Power Journal 16, no. 1 (Spring 2002):

22, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj02/spr02

/spr02.pdf.

6. Maj David W. Coman, Operational Art and the Human Di-

mension of Warfare in the 21st Century (Newport, RI: Naval War Col-

lege, 1999), 17.

7. Liggett, Ten Years Ago, 80.

8. Edward M. Coman, War to End All Wars, 220.

9. Higham and Parillo, “Management Margin,” 23.

e abbreviation ibid. (ibidem, “in the same place”) refers to a sin-

gle work cited in the note immediately preceding. Never use ibid. if

more than one work is cited in the preceding note. Do not italicize

this abbreviation in your notes. Do not use op. cit. (opere citato, “in

the work cited”) or loc. cit. (loco citato, “in the place cited”). Instead,

5.0 DOCUMENTATION │ 141

Documentation

use a shortened form of the citation. You may use ibid. within the

note to indicate successive references to the same work.

7. Richard G. Davis, Carl A. Spaatz and the Air War in Europe

(Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Oce of Air Force History, 1993), 331.

8. Ibid., 301.

9. Gen Richard B. Myers, “A Word from the Chairman: Shi to a

Global Perspective,” Air and Space Power Journal 17, no. 3 (Fall 2003):

5, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/fal03

/fal03.pdf. “By shiing our view from a regional to a global perspec-

tive, we will better comprehend and respond to America’s security

needs in the twenty-rst century” (ibid., 8).

In subsequent references in one note to works by the same author,

repeat the author’s last name.

10. Col Dennis M. Drew, “Inventing a Doctrine Process,” Airpow-

er Journal 9, no. 4 (Winter 1995): 43, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af

.mil/airchronicles/apj/drew.pdf; and Drew, “Educating Air Force Of-

cers,” Airpower Journal 11, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 38, http://www

.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/sum97/drew.pdf.

A shortened form is permissible for a rst citation in a chapter’s

notes if the full citation has occurred in a previous chapter. If the notes

are far apart, use a cross-reference.

11. Liggett, Ten Years Ago, 90 (see chap. 2, n. 2).

Always use Arabic numerals for volume numbers even when they

appear as Roman numerals in the book or journal itself.

Examples of full and shortened references:

3. Franz Schurman, Imperial China: e Decline of the Last Dy-

nasty and the Origins of Modern China (New York: Vintage Books,

1967), 206–8.

4. John K. Fairbank, “e People’s Middle Kingdom,” Foreign Af-

fairs 58 (1964): 943–68.

5. Capt Gerald G. O’Rourke, “Our Peaceful Navy,” US Naval In-

stitute Proceedings, April 1989, 79–83.

6. Franz Schurman, Japan Today (New York: Vintage Books,

1970), 97–100.

7. Schurman, Imperial China, 174. [Shortened form of note 3

with dierent page number.]

8. Ibid., 176. [All information the same as in the preceding note

(7) except page number.]

9. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. and trans. Michael Howard

and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 25.

10. James N. Stevens, e Foundations of Communist China, 2

vols. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969), 1:150.

11. Ibid., 2:96. [All information the same as in the preceding note

(10) except volume number and page number.]

12. Ibid., 147. [e same volume number as in the preceding

note (11).]

13. Ibid. [e same page number as in the preceding note (12).]

142 │ 5.0 DOCUMENTATION

Documentation

You may use shortened forms for all notes in a work only if the

bibliography includes all of the sources cited in the notes. Otherwise,

use full notes for rst citations. For the benet of the reader, you may

wish to include a brief explanatory statement preceding the rst set

of notes.

Bibliographic entry:

Reynolds, Col Richard T. Heart of the Storm: e Genesis of the Air Cam-

paign against Iraq. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1995.

First note citation to the Reynolds book in a work with full bibliog-

raphy:

Notes

(All notes appear in shortened form. For full details, see the appropri-

ate entry in the bibliography.)

1. Reynolds, Heart of the Storm, 55.

First note citation in a work without full bibliography:

Notes

1. Col Richard T. Reynolds, Heart of the Storm: e Genesis of the

Air Campaign against Iraq (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press,

1995), 55.

Include an explanation of the circumstances regarding citations of

individuals who wish to remain anonymous.

10. US embassy ocial, interview by the author, 10 August 1999.

Information obtained under conditions of nonattribution.

See appendix A of this guide or the 16th edition of the Chicago

Manual of Style for citations of public documents and unpublished

materials.

5.6 plagiarism. If you use someone else’s writing as if it were your own,

you have committed plagiarism. is serious oense not only can

lead to a lawsuit but also can bring about severe professional reper-

cussions. If you use another person’s wording or if you put another

person’s idea into your own words, you should identify the borrowed

passage and credit the author in a note.

Strategy [is] the art of distributing and applying military means to

fulll the ends of policy.

—B. H. Liddell Hart, Strategy

If you use Liddell Hart’s denition of strategy in your text with

the intention of leading readers to believe that it is your own, you are

guilty of plagiarism. Using another writer’s exact wording is permis-

sible only if you identify the passage in your text by enclosing it in

quotation marks and including an endnote:

5.0 DOCUMENTATION │ 143

Documentation

Perhaps strategy is more properly dened as “the art of distributing

and applying military means to fulll the ends of policy.”

You should then credit your source by including a proper citation

in your list of notes:

2. B. H. Liddell Hart, Strategy, rev. ed. (New York: Frederick Praeger,

1954), 335.

Similarly, you should identify and credit other people’s writing that

you put in your own words (paraphrase). Paraphrasing, however, is

not simply a matter of changing or rearranging a few words here and

there; you must recast the passage:

unacceptable paraphrase:

Strategy is the art of applying and distributing military means to

achieve the objectives of policy.

acceptable paraphrase:

B. H. Liddell Hart envisioned a country’s military as an instrument

for carrying out national policy. e purpose of strategy, then, is de-

ciding how to use the military toward this end.

Ideally, you should introduce your paraphrase so that the reader

has no question about where your own commentary ends and where

your paraphrase begins, as is the case in the example above (i.e., men-

tioning the author’s name marks the beginning of the paraphrase,

and the endnote number shows where it ends). See also quotations

(5.7) and appendix C.

5.7 quotations. Certain rules apply when you quote directly from the

work of other writers. You should credit your source by identifying

it in an endnote. If you quote at length from a copyrighted work, you

should obtain written permission from the holder of the copyright

(see also appendix C of this guide). According to the Chicago Manual

of Style (16th ed., sec. 13.7),

Although in a direct quotation the wording should be

reproduced exactly, the following changes are generally

permissible to make a passage t into the syntax and ty-

pography of the surrounding text. . . .

1. Single quotation marks may be changed to double,

and double to single; . . . punctuation relative to question

marks should be adjusted accordingly. . . . Guillemets

and other types of quotation marks in a foreign language

may be changed to regular single or double quotation

marks. . . .

2. e initial letter may be changed to a capital or a low-

ercase letter. . . .

144 │ 5.0 DOCUMENTATION

Documentation

3. A nal period may be omitted or changed to a comma

as required, and punctuation may be omitted where el-

lipsis points are used. . . .

4. Original note reference marks (and the notes to

which they refer) may be omitted unless omission would

aect the meaning of the quotation. If an original note

is included, the quotation may best be set o as a block

quotation . . . with the note in smaller type at the end, or

the note may be summarized in the accompanying text.

Authors may, on the other hand, add note references of

their own within quotations.

5. Obvious typographic errors may be corrected silently

(without comment or sic; . . .) unless the passage quoted is

from an older work or a manuscript source where idiosyn-

crasies of spelling are generally preserved. If spelling and

punctuation are modernized or altered for clarity, readers

must be so informed in a note, in a preface, or elsewhere.

You may incorporate quotations in the text as part of a sentence

and enclose them in quotation marks or set them o from the text as

a block quotation (see 5.2). If the quoted matter is 8 or more lines or

more than 100 words, you should usually set it o from the text.

Integrate short quotations into the text. When you use a quotation

as part of a sentence, lowercase the initial letter and omit or change

the end punctuation (if appropriate), even though the original is a

complete sentence beginning with a capital letter. When the quota-

tion is not dependent on the rest of the sentence, capitalize the initial

letter (a comma rather than a colon is oen used aer said, replied,

asked, and similar verbs). If a quotation that is only part of a sentence

in the original forms a complete sentence as quoted, you may change

a lowercase letter to a capital.

Colonel Green emphasized that “the military plays an important role

in the political arena.”

Colonel Green said, “e military plays an important role in the po-

litical arena.”

Colonel Green made the following statement: “Military [services

play] an important role in the political arena.”

If you include a quotation in a note, place the source aer the quotation:

23. Intellectual property is “the group of legal rights to things people

create or invent. Intellectual property rights typically include patent,

cessed 21 October 2010, http://www.sitepoint.com/glossary.php?q=I.

Note Citations

APPENDIX A

Note Citations

APPENDIX A │ 147

Note Citations

Examples of several categories of notes appear below. For other examples,

see the 16th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. Place notes at the end

of each chapter, journal article, or paper/monograph not divided into chap-

ters—not at the bottom of the page or at the end of the book. For subsequent

references, use ibid. or a shortened form of the note. Use ibid. to refer to the

note immediately preceding (do not use ibid. if the preceding note contains

more than one citation). You may use ibid. within the note to indicate succes-

sive references to the same work.

7. Richard G. Davis, Carl A. Spaatz and the Air War in Europe (Wash-

ington, DC [or D.C.]: Oce of Air Force History, 1993), 331.

8. Ibid., 301.

9. Gen Richard B. Myers, “A Word from the Chairman: Shi to a

Global Perspective,” Air and Space Power Journal 17, no. 3 (Fall 2003): 5,

http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/fal03/fal03

.pdf. “By shiing our view from a regional to a global perspective, we

will better comprehend and respond to America’s security needs in the

twenty-rst century” (ibid., 8).

For subsequent references to a source, use only (1) the last name of the

author; (2) a shortened form of the title (preferably up to the rst four words

of the title or up to four key words elsewhere in the title, if more appropriate),

omitting an initial “A” or “e”; (3) a comma; and (4) the page number(s) of

the reference. Dierentiate between authors with the same last name.

3. Edward M. Coman, e War to End All Wars: e American Mili-

tary Experience in World War I (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press,

1986), 215.

4. Hunter Liggett, Ten Years Ago in France (New York: Dodd, Mead,

1928), 84.

5. Dr. Robin Higham and Dr. Mark P. Parillo, “Management Margin: Es-

sential for Victory,” Aerospace Power Journal 16, no. 1 (Spring 2002): 22, http://

www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj02/spr02/spr02.pdf.

6. Maj David W. Coman, Operational Art and the Human Dimension

of Warfare in the 21st Century (Newport, RI: Naval War College, 1999), 17.

7. Liggett, Ten Years Ago, 80.

8. Edward M. Coman, War to End All Wars, 220.

9. Higham and Parillo, “Management Margin,” 23.

You may use shortened forms for all notes in a work only if the bibliogra-

phy includes all of the sources cited in the notes. Otherwise, use full notes for

rst citations. For the benet of the reader, you may wish to include a brief

explanatory statement preceding the rst set of notes.

Bibliographic entry:

Reynolds, Col Richard T. Heart of the Storm: e Genesis of the Air Cam-

paign against Iraq. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1995.

148 │ APPENDIX A

Note Citations

First note citation to the Reynolds book in a work with full bibliography:

Notes

(All notes appear in shortened form. For full details, see the appropriate

entry in the bibliography.)

1. Reynolds, Heart of the Storm, 55.

First note citation in a work without full bibliography:

Notes

1. Col Richard T. Reynolds, Heart of the Storm: e Genesis of the Air

Campaign against Iraq (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1995), 55.

A shortened form is permissible for a rst citation in a chapter’s notes if the

full citation has occurred in a previous chapter. If the notes are far apart, use

a cross-reference.

11. Liggett, Ten Years Ago, 90 (see chap. 2, n. 2).

Books

One author

Gen William C. Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports (Garden City, NY:

Doubleday & Co., 1976), 112, 195–96. [Reproduce the author’s name as it ap-

pears on the title page.]

Two authors

John W. Masland and Laurence I. Radway, Soldiers and Scholars: Mili-

tary Education and National Policy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,

1957), 117–21. [List the authors’ names in the order in which they appear on

the title page.]

ree authors

Robert Strausz-Hupe, William R. Kintner, and Stefan T. Possony, A For-

ward Strategy for America (New York: Harper & Bros., 1961), 117. [List the

authors’ names in the order in which they appear on the title page.]

More than three authors

Gerald Pomper et al., e Election of 1976 (New York: McKay, 1977), 61.

[Give the name of the author listed rst on the title page followed by “et al.”

or “and others.”]

Chris Hendrickson et al., “Economic Input-Output Models for Environ-

mental Life-Cycle Assessment,” Environmental Science and Technology 32, no.

7 (1 April 1998): 185.

Pomper et al., Election of 1976, 60. [shortened form]

APPENDIX A │ 149

Note Citations

No author given

1. Soviet Military Power (Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Government Printing

Oce, 1983), 13–18. [Do not use Anonymous or Anon.]

Editor, compiler, or translator

Alfred Goldberg, ed., A History of the United States Air Force, 1907–1957

(Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1957), 7. [Use the name of the editor, com-

piler, or translator in place of the author when no author’s name appears on

the title page.]

J. P. Mayer, Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy in America, trans. George

Lawrence (New York: Doubleday & Co., 1969), 648. [When the author’s name

appears on the title page, place the name of the editor, compiler, or transla-

tor aer the title, preceded by ed. (edited by), comp. (compiled by), or trans.

(translated by).]

Carl von Clausewitz, On War, ed. and trans. Michael Howard and Peter

Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 145–47.

Marshal Foch, e Principles of War, trans. Hilaire Belloc (London:

Chapman & Hall, 1918), 7, 18–19.

Goldberg, History, 10. [shortened form; omit the abbreviation for editor]

Multivolume works and series

Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., e Army Air Forces in

World War II, vol. 2, Europe: Torch to Pointblank, August 1942 to December

1943 (1949; new imprint, Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Oce of Air Force His-

tory, 1983), 288–95. [One volume in the series.]

Wesley Frank Craven and James Lea Cate, eds., e Army Air Forces in

World War II, 7 vols. (1948–1958; new imprint, Washington, DC [or D.C.]:

Oce of Air Force History, 1983). [Entire series.]

Winston S. Churchill, e Second World War, vol. 4, e Hinge of Fate

(Boston: Houghton Miin, 1948), 521.

Warren A. Trest, Military Unity and National Policy: Some Past Eects

and Future Implications, CADRE Paper Special Series: e Future of the Air

Force, no. AU-ARI-CPSS-91-7 (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, De-

cember 1991), 12.

Association or institution as author

Gates Commission, e Report of the President’s Commission on an All-

Volunteer Armed Force (Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Government Printing Of-

ce, 1970), 3–9.

Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Work in America (Cam-

bridge, MA: MIT Press, 1973), 104–6.

150 │ APPENDIX A

Note Citations

Work of one author in a work edited by another

Col John A. Warden III, “Air eory for the Twenty-First Century,” in

Challenge and Response: Anticipating US Military Security Concerns, ed. Dr.

Karl P. Magyar et al. (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, August 1994),

320–21. [If you are citing the entire chapter or contribution, include the rst

and last page numbers of the chapter/contribution.]

Dr. Lewis B. Ware, “Regional Study 1: Conict and Confrontation in the

Post-Cold-War Middle East,” in Magyar et al., Challenge and Response, 49.

[When you cite a dierent chapter/contribution in the same book as previ-

ously cited, include a shortened citation for that book.]

Capt John T. Folmar, “Desert Storm Chapstick,” in From the Line in the

Sand: Accounts of USAF Company Grade Ocers in Support of Desert Shield /

Desert Storm, ed. Capt Michael P. Vriesenga (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air Univer-

sity Press, March 1994), 19–20.

Warden, “Air eory,” 325. [shortened form]

Edition

John N. Hazard, e Soviet System of Government, 5th ed. (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1980), 23–25.

Norbert Weiner, e Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and So-

ciety, 2d [or 2nd] ed. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1951), 68–71.

Hazard, Soviet System of Government, 24. [shortened form]

Reprint editions

Neil Harris, e Artist in American Society: e Formative Years, 1790–

1860 (1966; repr., Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 43–44.

Giulio Douhet, e Command of the Air, trans. Dino Ferrari (1942; new

imprint, Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Oce of Air Force History, 1983), 67.

Periodicals

Volume number not shown

“Congress Sends Nixon a Message,” Newsweek, 19 November 1973, 39.

TSgt Jim Katzaman, “Basics of Bombing,” Airman, June 1986, 8–12.

“Unions Are Alien to Our Defense System,” Retired Ocer, May 1976, 25.

“Currents in the News,” U.S. News and World Report, 11 February 1980, 5.

Jay Finegan, “Struggling with Ination,” Times Magazine (supplement to

Air Force Times), 1 September 1980, 4.

APPENDIX A │ 151

Note Citations

Volume number shown

Col Richard F. Rosser, “American Civil-Military Relations in the 1980s,”

Naval War College Review 24, no. 10 (June 1972): 14–15.

Donald S. Zagoria, “China’s Quiet Revolution,” Foreign Aairs 62, no. 4

(Spring 1984): 879–904.

Philip Handler, “e American University Today,” American Scientist

64, no. 3 (May–June 1976): 254–57.

Franklin D. Margiotta, “A Military Elite in Transition: Air Force Leaders

in the 1980s,” Armed Forces and Society 2, no. 2 (Winter 1976): 155–84.

Rosser, “American Civil-Military Relations,” 14. [shortened form]

Newspaper Items

Editorial

Editorial, Atlanta Constitution, 19 June 1986. [Omit the initial the from

titles of English language newspapers.]

News story

S. Fred Singer, “What Is Happening to World Oil?,” Wall Street Journal,

10 March 1982.

William Robbins, “Big Wheels: e Rotary Club at 75,” New York Times,

Sunday, 17 February 1980, sec. 3.

Lt Gen Murphy A. Cheaney, “Military’s Quality Medical Care for a

Healthy Army,” Washington Times, 16 December 1985, nal edition.

Encyclopedia/Dictionary Articles

1. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. “canning, commercial.” [Cite the

item, preceded by s.v. (sub verbo, “under the word”).]

Dictionary of American Biography, s.v. “Wadsworth, Jeremiah.”

Historical Studies

1. Robert T. Finney, History of the Air Corps Tactical School, 1920–1940,

USAF Historical Study 100 (Maxwell AFB, AL: USAF Historical Division, Air

University, 1955), 35–38.

R. Earl McClendon, Autonomy of the Air Arm (Maxwell AFB, AL: Doc-

umentary Research Division, Air University, 1954), 16–21.

Chase C. Mooney and Martha E. Layman, Organization of Military

Aeronautics, 1907–1935, Army Air Forces Historical Study 25 (Washington,

DC [or D.C.]: Army Air Forces Historical Division, 1944), 29–32.

152 │ APPENDIX A

Note Citations

4. Herman S. Wolk, USAF Plans and Policies: Logistics and Base Construc-

tion in Southeast Asia, 1967 (Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Oce of Air Force

History, 1968), 36–39.

omas H. Greer, e Development of Air Doctrine in the Army Air Arm,

1917–1941, USAF Historical Study 89 (Maxwell AFB, AL: USAF Historical

Division, Air University, 1955), 9–10.

Sta Studies

1. Evaluation Division, Air University, To Analyze the USAF Publications

System for Producing Manuals, sta study, 13 July 1948.

Col Herbert V. Staudenmaier, CONUS Aeromedical Evacuation Study,

sta study, 31 March 1983.

Col Charles G. Williamson, chief, Status of Operations Division, Di-

rectorate of Bombardment, Headquarters Army Air Forces, to Directorate of

Bombardment, Headquarters Army Air Forces, Status of Operations Report,

sta study, 3 March 1943.

Staudenmaier, CONUS Aeromedical Evacuation Study. [shortened form]

Unit and Sta Oce Histories

1. History, Deputy Chief of Sta for Plans and Programs, Directorate of

Plans, Headquarters USAF, July–December 1958, 114, 163–64.

History, Research Studies Institute, July–December 1959, 1.

History of the Oce of the Inspector General USAF, Directorate of Spe-

cial Investigations, 1 January–30 June 1963, 45–47.

History, Tactical Air Command, 1 July–31 December 1953, 193–94.

Reports

Published

Department of Commerce, Management of Internet Names and Address-

es, US government white paper (Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Department of

Commerce, June 1998), 2.

United States Department of State, e China White Paper, August 1949

(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, [1967]), 7. [brackets indicate that

the date of publication does not appear in the report]

John Erickson, e Soviet Military, Soviet Policy, and Soviet Politics,

USSI Report 73-3 (Washington, DC [or D.C.]: United States Strategic Insti-

tute, 1973), 5.

Richard V. L. Cooper, Military Manpower and the All-Volunteer Force,

RAND Report R-1450-ARPA (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, September 1977),

86–94.

APPENDIX A │ 153

Note Citations

5. Comptroller General of the United States, Report to the Congress: Student

Attrition at the Five Federal Service Academies (Washington, DC [or D.C.]:

General Accounting Oce, 1976), 16–23.

Nancy Guinn, Identication of Service Irritants, AFHRL-TR-75-52

(Brooks AFB, TX: Air Force Systems Command, 1973).

James E. Dougherty and Diane K. Pfaltzgra, Eurocommunism and the

Atlantic Alliance, special report (Cambridge, MA: Institute for Foreign Policy

Analysis, 1977), 6.

Department of Defense, Annual Report of the Secretary of Defense and the

Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Army, Secretary of the Navy, and Secre-

tary of the Air Force, July 1, 1958 to June 30, 1959 (Washington, DC [or D.C.]:

Government Printing Oce, 1960), 44.

Maj Mark A. Cochran, Unit-Level Automation for Air Force Contingen-

cy Operations in Low-Intensity Conict, Research Report no. AU-ARI-91-4

(Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, June 1992), 21.

Unpublished

Maj John B. Hungerford Jr., “Organization for Military Space: A Histori-

cal Perspective,” Research Report no. 82-1235 (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air Com-

mand and Sta College, 1982), 9–19.

Report of Air Corps Board, “Revision of Field Service Regulations,”

study no. 45, 15 November 1983, 2.

Report of the General Headquarters Air Force (Provisional) 1933, ca.

20 July 1933.

Unpublished Papers

1. Richard K. Betts, “Soldiers, Statesmen, and Resort to Force: American

Military Inuence in Crisis Decisions, 1945–1976” (PhD diss., Harvard Uni-

versity, 1975), 78–86.

Dorothy Ross, “e Irish-Catholic Immigrant, 1880–1900: A Study in

Social Mobility” (master’s thesis, Columbia University, n.d.), 142–55.

Betts, “Soldiers, Statesmen,” 80. [shortened form]

P. omas, “Utilization of Enlisted Women in the Military” (paper pre-

sented at the RAND Conference on Defense Manpower, Santa Monica, CA,

February 1976), 8.

Deborah D. Lucki and Richard W. Pollay, “Content Analyses of Advertis-

ing: A Review of the Literature” (working paper, History of Advertising Ar-

chives, Faculty of Commerce, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1980).

omas, “Utilization of Enlisted Women,” 7. [shortened form]

154 │ APPENDIX A

Note Citations

Manuscript Collections

For material cited, include title, date, series title (if applicable), name of the

collection, and name of the depository. e following examples come from

the Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.), 14.240.

James Oglethorpe to the Trustees, 13 January 1733, Phillipps Collection

of Egmont Manuscripts, 14200:13, University of Georgia Library.

Memorandum by Alvin Johnson, 1937, le 36, Horace Kallen Papers,

YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York.

George Creel to Colonel House, 25 September 1918, Edward M. House

Papers, Yale University Library.

Undated correspondence between French Strother and Edward Lowry,

container 1-G/961 600, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library, West Branch, IA.

Joseph Purcell, “A Map of the Southern Indian District of North Ameri-

ca” [ca. 1772], MS 228, Ayer Collection, Newberry Library, Chicago.

Louis Agassiz, report to the Committee of Overseers . . . [28 December

1859], Overseers Reports, Professional Series, vol. 2, Harvard University

Archives.

Legal Citations

e examples of legal citations included here assume inclusion in a non-

legal work and, therefore, have been adapted to the style of documentation

presented in this appendix. us, the format for citations of legal books/trea-

tises and articles in periodicals is the same as that shown in the appropriate

sections of this appendix.

1. AT&T Corporation v. Iowa Utilities, in United States Supreme Court Reports,

vol. 525 (1999), 366.

2. Old Chief v. United States, in Supreme Court Reporter, vol. 117 (1997), 644.

3. United States v. Dennis, in Federal Reporter, vol. 183 (2d [or 2nd] US

Circuit Court of Appeals, 1950), 201.

4. Brown v. Board of Education, in Federal Supplement, vol. 98 (US Dis-

trict Court, Kansas, 1951), 797.

5. Lugosi [plainti] v. Universal [defendant], in California Reports, 3d [or

3rd] series, vol. 25 (California Supreme Court, 1976), 813.

6. Daniels v. Weigum, in California Appellate Reports, 2d [or 2nd] series,

vol. 194 (California Court of Appeals, 1961), 620.

7. Dennis, 202. [shortened form (italicized)]

APPENDIX A │ 155

Note Citations

Public Documents

An endnote citing congressional hearings and other public documents

should include the following information:

Author (name of house, committee, and subcommittee if any)

Title of document

Number of Congress and session number

Date of publication (year)

Part and number of report or document, if applicable

Page number(s)

Sometimes you may need to include additional information. Take all infor-

mation from the title page of the document.

Bills, reports, and miscellaneous documents

House, A Bill to Require Passenger-Carrying Motor Vehicles Purchased

for Use by the Federal Government to Meet Certain Safety Standards, 86th

Cong., 1st sess., 1959, H.R. 1341, 1–4.

House, Organization and Management of Missile Programs, Eleventh Re-

port by the Committee on Government Operations, 86th Cong., 1st sess., 1959,

H.R. 1121, 154–56.

House, Passenger-Carrying Motor Vehicles, 3. [shortened form]

House Committee on Education and Labor, White House Conference on

Aging: Report to Accompany S. J. Res. 117, 90th Cong., 2d [or 2nd] sess., 1 May

1968, 5.

Senate, Report of the Federal Trade Commission on Utility Corporations,

70th Cong., 1st sess., 1935, S. Doc. 92, pt. 71A.

House, United States Defense Policies in 1958, 86th Cong., 1st sess., 1959,

H. Doc. 227, 114.

H.R. Rep. 871, 78th Cong., 1st sess., 1943, 49.

Senate, Documents on the International Aspects of the Exploration and

Use of Outer Space, 1954–1962, 88th Cong., 1st sess., 1963, S. Doc. 18, 55–56.

Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Foreign Policy,

86th Cong., 2d [or 2nd] sess., 1960, Committee Print, 1:729.

10.

House Committee on Foreign Aairs, Central America, 1981: Report

to the Committee on Foreign Aairs, prepared by Hon. Gerry E. Studds, 97th

Cong., 1st sess., 1981, Committee Print, 31.

11.

House Committee on Education and Labor, White House Conference,

3. [shortened form]

12.

Department of State, American Foreign Policy, Current Documents,

1958 (Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Government Printing Oce, 1962), 1413.

156 │ APPENDIX A

Note Citations

Hearings

Senate, Study of Air Power: Hearings before the Subcommittee on the Air

Force of the Committee on Armed Services, 84th Cong., 2d [or 2nd] sess., 1956, 52.

Senate, Investigation of Governmental Organization for Space Activities:

Hearings before the Subcommittee on Governmental Activities of the Commit-

tee on Aeronautical and Space Science, 86th Cong., 1st sess., 1959, 379–80.

Senate, Study of Air Power, 1727. [shortened form]

House, Department of Defense Appropriations for 1954: Hearings before

the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, 83d [or 83rd] Cong.,

1st sess., 1953, 317.

House, Inquiry into Operations of the United States Air Services: Hearings

before the Select Committee on Inquiry into Operations of the United States Air

Services, 69th Cong., 2d [or 2nd] sess., 1925, pt. 4:2269–70.

House, Department of Defense Appropriations, 289–91. [shortened form]

Congressional bills and resolutions

Known as public laws or statutes, bills and resolutions rst appear in the

Congressional Record, then in United States Statutes at Large, oen in the Unit-

ed States Code Annotated, and nally in the United States Code.

Food Security Act of 1985, H.R. 2100, 99th Cong., 1st sess., Congressio-

nal Record 131 (8 October 1985): H8461.

Homeland Security Act of 2002, H.R. 5005, 107th Cong. (2002).

S. Res. 218, 83d [or 83rd] Cong., 2d [or 2nd] sess., 1954.

Atomic Energy Act of 1946, Public Law 585, 79th Cong., 2d [or 2nd]

sess. (1 August 1946), 12, 19.

Atomic Energy Act of 1946, US Statutes at Large 60 (1947): 767, 774.

[Citations to the statutes are to volume, year, and page number.]

Declaratory Judgment Act, US Code, vol. 28, secs. 2201–2 (1952). [Cita-

tions to the code are always to section number, not page.]

Atomic Energy Act, 12. [shortened form]

Executive department documents

Department of Defense, Prole of American Youth: 1980 Administration

of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (Washington, DC [or D.C.]:

Oce of the Assistant Secretary of Defense [Manpower, Reserve Aairs, and

Logistics], March 1982), 19.

Department of Defense, Ocial Guard and Reserve Manpower Strengths

and Statistics, Fiscal Year 1985 Summary (Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Assis-

tant Secretary of Defense [Reserve Aairs], n.d.), 8.

Department of Defense, Prole of American Youth, 23. [shortened form]

APPENDIX A │ 157

Note Citations

Presidential proclamations, executive orders, other documents

1. President, Proclamation, “Supplemental Quota on Imports of Long-

Staple Cotton,” Federal Register 15, no. 196 (10 October 1950): 127, microche.

Executive Order (EO) 9877, Functions of the Armed Services, 26 July

1947.

Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhow-

er, 1957 (Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Government Printing Oce, 1958), 796.

EO 9877, Functions. [shortened form]

Public Papers: Eisenhower, 274–90. [shortened form]

Statement of the President, 26 January 1968, in Weekly Compilation of

Presidential Documents 4, no. 4 (29 January 1968): 133.

UN General Assembly, Resolution 1721 (XVI), “International Coopera-

tion in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space,” 20 December 1961.

Classied Sources

If your document will be available to the general public, do not cite clas-

sied information or the titles of classied documents (whether in the text,

notes, bibliography, etc.). If arrangements have been made to publish your

work as a classied document, then any references you make to other clas-

sied documents should include the classication of the title (immediately

following the title) and the overall classication of the document (at the end

of the publication data), as follows (note that U=unclassied):

[document number], [title of document] (U), [date]. ([level of classica-

tion, e.g., Secret])

[originating oce], [title of document] (U), [date], supporting docu-

ment [number of supporting document]. ([level of classication, e.g., Top

Secret])

[name of author], [title of document] (U) ([place of publication]: [pub-

lisher], [date]), [page no(s)]. ([level of classication, e.g., Secret])

Declassied Sources

1. Central Intelligence Agency, National Intelligence Estimate Number 11-

5-57 (Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Central Intelligence Agency, 1957), 62. Doc-

ument is now declassied.

Letters, E-Mails, and Endorsements

1. Lt Col C. C. Culver to chief of Air Corps, letter, 9 June 1928; 1st end.

[endorsement], Maj L. W. McIntosh, executive, Oce of the Chief of Air

Corps, to commandant, Air Corps Tactical School, 1 September 1928.

158 │ APPENDIX A

Note Citations

If you wish, you may include the subject of the letter/e-mail.

Maj W. G. Kilner, executive, Oce of Chief of Air Service, to comman-

dant, Air Service Tactical School, letter, subject: Proposed Revision of the

Policy of the Army and Navy Relating to Aircra, 12 April 1925.

Adjutant general to commanding generals, all corps areas et al., letter,

31 December 1934.

Maj John Smith, chief, Oce of Public Aairs, Maxwell AFB, AL, to the

author, e-mail, 20 November 2005.

Kilner to commandant, letter. [shortened form]

Capt Harry A. Johnson, Command and General Sta School, to chief,

Air Corps, letter, 18 January 1935; 2d [or 2nd] end., Lt Col H. A. Pratt, chief,

Air Corps, Materiel Division, to chief, Air Corps, 16 February 1935; 3d [or

3rd] end., Col A. G. Fisher, president, Air Corps Board, to chief, Air Corps,

15 July 1945.

Smith to the author, e-mail. [shortened form]

Memorandums

Regular memorandum

Lt Col G. W. Bundy, War Plans Division, War Department General Sta,

to Lt Col Clayton J. Bissell, War Plans Division, memorandum, 18 July 1941.

If you wish, you may include the subject of the memorandum.

Col William W. Momyer, deputy commandant for evaluation, Air War

College, to Maj Gen John DeF. Barker, deputy commanding general, Air Uni-

versity, memorandum, subject: Progress of the Manual Program, 17 Septem-

ber 1952.

Bundy to Bissell, memorandum. [shortened form]

Dra memorandum

1. Chief, Air Corps, to chief of sta, Army, dra memorandum, 28 March

1938.

Memorandum of understanding

Secretary of the Army to secretary of the Air Force, memorandum of

understanding, 2 October 1951.

Memorandum for record

Gen Nathan F. Twining, vice-chief of sta, US Air Force, memorandum

for record, 17 November 1950.

APPENDIX A │ 159

Note Citations

Messages

1. Message, TST-587, Joint Chiefs of Sta, to commanding general, Strate-

gic Air Command, 13 April 1949.

Message, AFCVC-51413, US Air Force to commanding general, Far

East Air Forces, 14 August 1950.

Message, 281415Z OCT 90, US Air Force to commanding general, Far

East Air Forces, 28 October 1990.

Doctrine Publications, Manuals,

Instructions, Directives, and Others

1. Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education,

Volume I, Basic Doctrine, 14 October 2011, 25, https://doctrine.af.mil

/download.jsp?lename=Volume-1-Basic-Doctrine.pdf.

War Department, Field Service Regulations, United States Army (Wash-

ington, DC [or D.C.]: Government Printing Oce, 1924), 11, 21–24.

3. War Department, Field Service Regulations, 23. [shortened form]

War Department Training Regulation (WDTR) 440-15, Employment of

the Air Forces of the Army, 15 October 1935, 2.

Air Force Instruction (AFI) 90-901, Operational Risk Management, 1

April 2000, 4.

WDTR 440-15, Employment, 1. [shortened form]

Air Force Pamphlet (AFPAM) 36-106, Supervisor’s Records, 20 Decem-

ber 1993, 4.

Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education,

“e Air Force Core Values,” in Volume II, Leadership, 4 November 2011, 5,

https://doctrine.af.mil/download.jsp?lename=Volume-2-Leadership.pdf.

DOD Directive (DODD) 5015.2, DOD Records Management Program,

6 March 2000, 5.

10.

Air Force Manual (AFMAN) 36-505, Skill Coding, 1 August 1996, 3.

11.

Maj Gary Ambrose, Sta Summary Sheet, Memorandum of Agreement

on USAF Air Refueling Support for Navy Operations, 13 December 1985.

12.

Air Force Policy Letter for Commanders: Supplement, February 1970, 2–6.

13. Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education,

“Annex 3-2, Irregular Warfare,” 15 March 2013, 2, https://doctrine.af.mil

/download.jsp?lename=3-2-Annex-IRREGULAR-WARFARE.pdf.

Source Cited/Quoted in Another Source

1. Quoted in George E. Lowe, e Age of Deterrence (Boston: Little, Brown

& Co., 1964), 232.

Quoted in Samuel P. Huntington, “Democracy Fights a Limited War:

Korea, 1950–1953,” in Major Crises in American History: Documentary Problems,

160 │ APPENDIX A

Note Citations

ed. Merrill F. Peterson and Leonard W. Levy (New York: Harcourt, Brace and

World, 1962), 2:481.

Quoted in Lowe, Age of Deterrence, 234. [shortened form]

Letter of Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara to Cong. Robert Mill-

er, 3 November 1961, in House, Sundry Legislation Aecting the Naval and

Military Establishment, 1963: Hearings before the Committee on Armed Ser-

vices, 88th Cong., 1st sess., 1963, 2729–30.

Statement of F. Trubee Davison in “U.S. President’s Air Policy Commis-

sion,” unclassied testimony before the President’s Air Policy Commission

(Washington, DC [or D.C.]: 1 December 1947, mimeographed), 6:2644–49.

Statement of Lt Gen Paul Gorman, director for plans and policy, Orga-

nization of the Joint Chiefs of Sta, in Senate, Department of Defense Autho-

rization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1982: Hearings before the Subcom-

mittee on Sea Power and Force Projection of the Committee on Armed Services,

97th Cong., 1st sess., 1981, pt. 4:89.

Davison, “Air Policy Commission,” 6:2648. [shortened form]

Diaries, Minutes, Chronologies,

Summaries, Digests, Notes, and So Forth

1. Diary of Fleet Adm William D. Leahy, 8 February 1946, William D. Leahy

Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC [or D.C.].

Minutes of the War Department Board of Ordnance and Fortication,

24 October 1905, quoted in Jones Aviation Chronology, 1900–1906, 61.

Minutes of monthly meetings of Army Air Forces Board, 2 January 1945.

Minutes of the Patch Sword II Conference conducted at Headquarters

AFSC, Andrews AFB, MD, October 1981, 26.

Chronology, Astronautics and Aeronautics (NASA, 1966), 252, 305, 373.

Air Sta Summary Sheet, Lt Col Andrew C. Barbee, Policy and Plans

Group, Report of Air Force Support of National Aeronautics and Space Ad-

ministration, 20 March 1967.

Daily Sta Digest, Headquarters USAF, 13 November 1967.

Notes, Fih Air Force Planning Conference, 12 December 1951.

Brieng, 6127th Air Terminal Group, subject: Air Terminal Detach-

ments in Korea, 1 March 1951.

10.

Brig Gen Mervin E. Gross, chief, Requirements Division, Aviation Sec-

tion, Signal Corps, Oce of the Chief of Research, Army Air Forces, record and

routing (R&R) sheet, subject: Centralization of Certain Literature-Producing

Functions at Orlando, FL, 27 November 1944.

11.

FM 90-14, “Rear Battle,” nal dra, 19 November 1984, i.

12.

Gross, R&R sheet. [shortened form]

APPENDIX A │ 161

Note Citations

Lectures and Addresses

1. Maj Gen Mason M. Patrick, “e Army Air Service” (lecture, Army War

College, Carlisle Barracks, PA, 9 November 1925).

Gen Curtis E. LeMay, chief of sta, US Air Force (address, Air Force As-

sociation Convention, Philadelphia, PA, 21 September 1961).

Patrick, “Army Air Service.” [shortened form]

Gen Earle G. Wheeler (graduation address, Industrial College of the

Armed Forces, Washington, DC [or D.C.], 11 June 1963).

Sir Robert Saundby, “British Air Doctrine” (lecture, Air War College,

Maxwell AFB, AL, 10 November 1953).

Interviews

1. Jerry Gibson (MCI Communications Corp.), interview by the author, 7

March 1983.

Gerald Sorbet (vice president, Fred’s Frozen Foods, Bismarck, ND), in

discussion with the author, 21 October 2003.

Richard Voit, Warren Brasselle, and Kerry Deimer, interview by the au-

thor during visit to MCI Communications Corp., Southern Region, Atlanta,

GA, 22 April 1983.

Maj Gen C. E. McKnight Jr. (US Army Communications Command,

Fort Huachuca, AZ), interview by the author, 24 February 1983.

Sorbet, discussion. [shortened form]

Lt Col Jerry A. Singleton, interview by Dr. James C. Hasdor, 30 October

1992, transcript, p. 24, US Air Force Academy Library, Colorado Springs, CO.

McKnight, interview. [shortened form]

McGeorge Bundy, interview by Robert MacNeil, MacNeil/Lehrer News-

Hour, PBS, 7 February 1990.

Interview with colonel from Air Combat Command, 7 February 2004.

[unattributed interview]

Video Recordings

1. Morris Massey, What You Are Is, CBS-Fox video, 30 min., 1983, video-

cassette.

Louis J. Mihalyi, Landscapes of Zambia, Central Africa (Santa Barbara,

CA: Visual Education, 1975), 35 mm slides.

“Dogght with Soviet Jets,” Top Gun, directed by Tony Scott (Holly-

wood, CA: Paramount, 2004), DVD.

162 │ APPENDIX A

Note Citations

Translation Services

1. Sergey Agafonov, “Japan in Russia’s Financial Market: Bank of Tokyo to

Open in Moscow,” Izvestiya, 9 June 1992, 7, in FBIS [Foreign Broadcast Infor-

mation Service] Report: Central Eurasia, FBIS-USR-92-079, 29 June 1992, 4.

A. Boldinyuk, “e Karelian Issue: Does It Exist, and If So, in What

Form?,” Pravda, 11 June 1992, 3, in FBIS-USR-92-079, 2. [subsequent refer-

ence to same FBIS issue]

Robert Minasov, “Gosznak Is Not Equal to the Task,” Rossiyskaya Gaze-

ta, 18 June 1992, 1, in FBIS-USR-92-080, 1 July 1992, 6. [subsequent reference

to dierent FBIS issue but same coverage (i.e., Central Eurasia)]

“Opposition Parties Oppose Election Postponement,” Korea Times, 25

June 1992, 2, in FBIS Report: East Asia, FBIS-EAS-92-123, 25 June 1992, 23.

Electronic Publications

(Examples taken from the Chicago Manual of Style [16th ed.] include a paren-

thetical reference to that source.)

Electronic books

When citing electronic books available online, include as much of the in-

formation as can be determined that would also apply to printed books (au-

thor, title, volume, place of publication, publisher, date of publication, and so

forth). Include the URL (or, preferably, a DOI if available) as part of the cita-

tion. You need not include the date accessed (e.g., “accessed 11 March 2011”)

unless the material has no date of publication or revision. If you do include

an access date, place it before the URL or DOI, preceded and followed by a

comma.

Col Richard T. Reynolds, Heart of the Storm: e Genesis of the Air Cam-

paign against Iraq (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1995), 19, http://

aupress.maxwell.af.mil/Books/b-55/heartstm.pdf.

Joseph Sirosh, Risto Miikkulainen, and James A. Bednar, “Self-Organization

of Orientation Maps, Lateral Connections, and Dynamic Fields in the Primary

Visual Cortex,” in Lateral Interactions in the Cortex: Structure and Function,

ed. Joseph Sirosh, Risto Miikkulainen, and Yoonsuck Choe (Austin, TX: UTCS

Neural Networks Research Group, 1996), under “Dynamic Receptive Fields,”

http://nn.cs.utexas.edu/web-pubs/htmlbook96/. (Chicago, 14.167)

William T. Sherman, Memoirs of General William T. Sherman, 2nd ed.,

rev. and corrected, vol. 1 (1869; Project Gutenberg, 2006), chap. 1, http://

www.gutenberg.org/les/4361/4361-h/p1.htm.

APPENDIX A │ 163

Note Citations

As an aid to readers, you may indicate that a work is also available in forms

other than the printed one:

Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., e Founders’ Constitution

(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), also available online at http://

press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/ and as a CD-ROM.

Identify the format of non-Internet sources:

omas H. Davenport and John C. Beck, e Attention Economy: Un-

derstanding the New Currency of Business (Harvard Business School Press,

2001), TK3 Reader e-book.

Rodney J. Hicks, Nuclear Medicine: From the Center of Our Universe

(Victoria, Austral.: ICE T Multimedia, 1996), CD-ROM. (Chicago, 14.168)

Herman Melville, Moby Dick, ed. Tony Tanner (New York: Oxford Uni-

versity Press, 1998), Kindle edition, chap. 1.

Electronic journals

When citing electronic journals available online, include as much of the

information as can be determined that would also apply to the printed version

(author, title of article, volume, issue number, date, and so forth). Include the

URL (or, preferably, a DOI if available) as part of the citation. You need not

include the date accessed (e.g., “accessed 11 March 2011”) unless the material

has no date of publication or revision. If you do include an access date, place it

before the URL or DOI, preceded and followed by a comma. Include specic

page numbers if available; if not, add a descriptive locator (such as “e Con-

sequences of Fear” in note 2 below) if you think it would be helpful to readers.

Gen Richard B. Myers, “A Word from the Chairman: Shi to a Global

Perspective,” Air and Space Power Journal 17, no. 3 (Fall 2003): 5, http://www

.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/fal03/fal03.pdf.

Mark Warr and Christopher G. Ellison, “Rethinking Social Reactions to

Crime: Personal and Altruistic Fear in Family Households,” American Journal

of Sociology 106, no. 3 (2000), under “e Consequences of Fear,” http://www

.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v106n3/050125.html.

Online magazines

When citing online magazines, include as much of the information as can

be determined that would also apply to the printed version (author, title of

article, date, and so forth). Include the URL (or, preferably, a DOI if available)

as part of the citation. You need not include the date accessed (e.g., “accessed

11 March 2011”) unless the material has no date of publication or revision. If

you do include an access date, place it before the URL or DOI, preceded and

followed by a comma. Include specic page numbers if available.

164 │ APPENDIX A

Note Citations

1. Jessica Reaves, “A Weighty Issue: Ever-Fatter Kids,” interview with James

Rosen, Time, 14 March 2001, http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599

,102443,00.html.

2. Lawrence Osborne, “Poison Pen,” review of e Collaborator: e Trial

and Execution of Robert Brasillach, by Alice Kaplan, Salon, 29 March 2000,

http://www.salon.com/books/it/2000/03/29/kaplan/index.html.

Online newspapers, news services, and other news sites

When citing online newspapers or news articles posted by news services,

include as much of the information as can be determined that would also ap-

ply to the printed version (author, title of article, date, and so forth). Include

the URL (or, preferably, a DOI if available) as part of the citation. You need

not include the date accessed (e.g., “accessed 11 March 2011”) unless the ma-

terial has no date of publication or revision. If you do include an access date,

place it before the URL or DOI, preceded and followed by a comma.

1. Alison Mitchell and Frank Bruni, “Scars Still Raw, Bush Clashes with Mc-

Cain,” New York Times, 25 March 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/25

/politics/25MCCA.html.

2. Richard Stenger, “Tiny Human-Borne Monitoring Device Sparks Pri-

vacy Fears,” CNN, 20 December 1999, http://www.cnn.com/1999/TECH

/ptech/12/20/implant.device/.

3. Sami Aboudi, “Al Qaeda Releases Posthumous bin Laden Audio Re-

cording,” Reuters, 19 May 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/05/19

/us-binladen-audio-idUSTRE74I0DJ20110519.

4. Robert Burns, “Chinese Military Chief ’s Visit Is First in 7 Years,” Associat-

ed Press, 16 May 2011, http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_US_CHINA

_MILITARY?SITE=NDBIS&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT.

5. Donna Miles, “Gates Stresses U.S. Support Role in Libya,” American Forces

Press Service, 17 May 2011, http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123256207.

For citations whose URLs are no longer active or for citations to subscription

services, include only the URL of the home page.

6. Reuters, “Russian Blasts Kill 21, Injure More an 140,” Yahoo! News, 24

March 2001, http://dailynews.yahoo.com/.

Databases

If you cite a resource such as a journal article from a database, include

a “stable” URL. Otherwise, include the name of the database and an iden-

tication number, the latter in parentheses, if one has been assigned to the

resource.

APPENDIX A │ 165

Note Citations

1. David M. Konisky, “Inequities in Enforcement? Environmental Justice

and Government Performance,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management

28, no. 1 (Winter 2009): 110, http://www.jstor.org/stable/i29738980.

2. Adam Clulow, “Statecra and Spectacle in East Asia: Studies in Taiwan-

Japan Relations,” Japanese Studies 30, no. 1 (May 2010): 2, Academic Search

Premier (49085871).

Electronic mailing lists

Include the name of the list, date of the posting, and URL. You need not

include the date accessed (e.g., “accessed 11 March 2011”) unless the material

has no date of publication or revision. If you do include an access date, place

it before the URL, preceded and followed by a comma.

1. John Powell to Grapevine mailing list, 23 April 1998, no. 83, http://

www.electriceditors.net/grapevine/archives.php. (Chicago, 14.223)

Website content

Include author of the material (or owner of site if there is no author), title

of the page, title or owner of the site, and URL.

1. Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, “Evanston Public Library Stra-

tegic Plan, 2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach,” Evanston Public Library, accessed

19 July 2008, http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-oo.html. (Chicago, 15.51)

2. “Resolution Comparison: Reading License Plates and Headlines,” Fed-

eration of American Scientists, 30 December 1997, http://www.fas.org/irp

/imint/resolve5.htm.

3. Steve Herman, “Seoul Still Quiet aer Spying Debacle,” GlobalSecu-

rity.org, 4 May 2011, http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/library/news/2011

/intell-110504-voa01.htm.

4. Donatella Rovera, “Revenge Killings and Reckless Firing in Opposition-

Held Eastern Libya,” Amnesty International, 13 May 2011, http://livewire

.amnesty.org/2011/05/13/revenge-killings-and-reckless-ring-in-opposition

-held-eastern-libya/.

5. “Northrop Grumman Wins Task Orders for Peacekeeping Eorts in Af-

rica,” news release, Northrop Grumman, 4 January 2011, http://www.irconnect

.com/noc/press/pages/news_releases.html?d=210193.

6. Marc Selinger, “Apache, X-51A, Stephens Honored by Aviation Week,”

Boeing, 2 May 2011, http://www.boeing.com/Features/2011/05/bds_laureate

_05_02.html.

Use descriptive phrases for informal sites.

166 │ APPENDIX A

Note Citations

7. Camp Taconic Alumni, 1955 photo gallery, http://www.taconicalumni

.org/1955.html.

8. “Biography,” on Pete Townshend’s ocial website [or Web site], ac-

cessed 15 December 2001, http://www.petetownshend.co.uk/petet_bio.html.

If the site no longer exists, indicate that fact parenthetically at the end of the

citation.

9. “Biography,” on Pete Townshend’s ocial website [or Web site], ac-

cessed 15 December 2001, http://www.petetownshend.co.uk/petet_bio.html

(site discontinued). (Chicago, 14.245)

Blogs

Include the author (even if the name is an alias) of the entry, title of the

entry in quotation marks, title of the blog in italics followed by the word

“blog” in parentheses, date, and URL. Comments on entries should include

the name of the person making the comment, date of the comment, the words

“comment on,” and the blog entry.

1. John Eyster, “Should Religious Values Inuence Public Policies?,”

GazetteXtra (blog), 20 February 2011, http://gazettextra.com/weblogs/we

-people/2011/feb/20/should-religious-values-inuence-public-policies/.

2. DavidG, 20 February 2011 (11:20 a.m.), comment on Greg Peck,

“More oughts on Events at the Capitol,” GazetteXtra (blog), 18 February

2011, http://gazettextra.com/weblogs/opinion-matters/2011/feb/18/more

-thoughts-on-events-at-the-capitol/.

3. Prounion, 25 February 2011 (8:41 a.m.), comment on Eyster, “Religious

Values.” [shortened form]

Reference works online

Cite online versions of encyclopedias and dictionaries in the same way you

would cite the printed versions. Include an access date with an undated entry.

1. Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, s.v. “Sibelius, Jean,” accessed 19 July

2008, http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-9067596. (Chicago, 14.248)

2. e New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, s.v. “Sibelius, Jean,”

by James Hepokoski, accessed 3 January 2002, http://www.grovemusic.com/.

Online multimedia

Include such information as the name of the composer, writer, performer,

or person responsible for the content; the title, in italics; the name of the re-

cording company or publisher; the identifying number of the recording; the

URL (or, preferably, a DOI if available); and the type of medium. You need

APPENDIX A │ 167

Note Citations

not include the date accessed (e.g., “accessed 11 March 2011”) unless the ma-

terial has no date of publication or revision. If you do include an access date,

place it before the URL or DOI, preceded and followed by a comma.

1. A. E. Weed, At the Foot of the Flatiron (American Mutoscope and Bio-

graph Co., 1903), 35 mm lm, from Library of Congress, e Life of a City:

Early Films of New York, 1898–1906, MPEG video, 2:19, http://lcweb2.loc

.gov/ammem/papr/nychome.html. (Chicago, 14.280)

Use the following form for sound or video les associated with a journal article:

2. “Ghost Dancing Music,” Naraya no. 2, MP3 audio le, cited in Richard

W. Stoe et al., “Ghost Dancing the Grand Canyon,” Current Anthropology

41, no. 1 (2000), doi:10.1086/300101. (Chicago, 14.198)

CD-ROM or DVD-ROM

1. Complete National Geographic: 110 Years of National Geographic Maga-

zine, Mindscape, 2000 CD-ROM.

2. e Chicago Manual of Style, 15th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago

Press, 2003), CD-ROM, 1.4. (Chicago, 14.168)

Bibliographic Entries

APPENDIX B

Bibliographic Entries

APPENDIX B │ 171

Bibliographic Entries

Examples of several categories of bibliographic citations appear below. For

other examples, see the entry bibliography (5.1) and chapter 14 of the Chicago

Manual of Style (16th ed.).

Books

One author

Westmoreland, Gen William C. A Soldier Reports. Garden City, NY: Double-

day & Co., 1976.

Two authors

Masland, John W., and Laurence I. Radway. Soldiers and Scholars: Military Edu-

cation and National Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957.

ree authors

Strausz-Hupe, Robert, William R. Kintner, and Stefan T. Possony. A Forward

Strategy for America. New York: Harper & Bros., 1961.

More than three authors

Pomper, Gerald, William G. Mayer, Marjorie Randon Hershey, and Kathleen

A. Frankovic. e Election of 1976. New York: McKay, 1977. [For 4 to 10

authors or editors, include all names; for more than 10 authors, list the

rst 7 followed by et al.]

No author given

Soviet Military Power. Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Government Printing Of-

ce, 1983.

Editor, compiler, or translator

Clausewitz, Carl von. On War. Edited and translated by Michael Howard and

Peter Paret. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976.

Goldberg, Alfred, ed. A History of the United States Air Force, 1907–1957.

Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1957.

Mayer, J. P. Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy in America. Translated by George

Lawrence. New York: Doubleday & Co., 1969.

Multivolume works and series

Craven, Wesley Frank, and James Lea Cate, eds. e Army Air Forces in World

War II. 7 vols., 1948–1958. New imprint, Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Of-

ce of Air Force History, 1983.

172 │ APPENDIX B

Bibliographic Entries

———. e Army Air Forces in World War II. Vol. 2, Europe: Torch to Pointblank,

August 1942 to December 1943. 1949. New imprint, Washington, DC [or

D.C.]: Oce of Air Force History, 1983.

Trest, Warren A. Military Unity and National Policy: Some Past Eects and

Future Implications. CADRE Paper Special Series: e Future of the Air

Force, no. AU-ARI-CPSS-91-7. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press,

December 1991.

Association or institution as author

Gates Commission. e Report of the President’s Commission on an All-Vol-

unteer Armed Force. Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Government Printing

Oce, 1970.

Work of one author in a work edited by another

Warden, Col John A., III. “Air eory for the Twenty-First Century.” In Chal-

lenge and Response: Anticipating US Military Security Concerns, edited by

Dr. Karl P. Magyar, Lt Col Maris McCrabb, Lt Col Albert U. Mitchum Jr.,

and Dr. Lewis B. Ware, 351–75. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press,

August 1994.

Edition

Hazard, John N. e Soviet System of Government. 5th ed. Chicago: University

of Chicago Press, 1980.

Reprint editions

Harris, Neil. e Artist in American Society: e Formative Years, 1790–1860.

1966. Reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982.

Periodicals

Volume number not shown

“Congress Sends Nixon a Message.” Newsweek, 19 November 1973, 39.

Volume number shown

Rosser, Col Richard F. “American Civil-Military Relations in the 1980s.” Na-

val War College Review 24, no. 10 (June 1972): 14–20. [rst and last page

numbers of article]

APPENDIX B │ 173

Bibliographic Entries

Newspaper Items

Usually, bibliographies do not include newspaper citations. However, if you

wish to include a bibliographic entry, use the following format:

Konz, Antoinette. “District Results Released.” Montgomery Advertiser, 11 Au-

gust 2005.

Encyclopedia Articles

Well-known reference books are usually not listed in bibliographies.

Historical Studies

Finney, Robert T. History of the Air Corps Tactical School, 1920–1940. USAF

Historical Study 100. Maxwell AFB, AL: USAF Historical Division, Air

University, 1955.

Sta Studies

Evaluation Division, Air University. To Analyze the USAF Publications Sys-

tem for Producing Manuals. Sta Study, 13 July 1948.

Staudenmaier, Col Herbert V. CONUS Aeromedical Evacuation Study. Sta

Study, 31 March 1983.

Unit and Sta Oce Histories

History. Deputy Chief of Sta for Plans and Programs, Directorate of Plans,

Headquarters USAF, July–December 1958.

———. Tactical Air Command, 1 July–31 December 1953.

Reports

Published

Erickson, John. e Soviet Military, Soviet Policy, and Soviet Politics. USSI Re-

port 73-3. Washington, DC [or D.C.]: United States Strategic Institute, 1973.

Management of Internet Names and Addresses. US government white paper.

Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Department of Commerce, June 1998.

Unpublished

Hungerford, Maj John B., Jr. “Organization for Military Space: A Historical

Perspective.” Research Report no. 82-1235. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air Com-

mand and Sta College, 1982.

174 │ APPENDIX B

Bibliographic Entries

Unpublished Papers

Betts, Richard K. “Soldiers, Statesmen, and Resort to Force: American Mili-

tary Inuence in Crisis Decisions, 1945–1976.” PhD diss., Harvard Uni-

versity, 1975.

Ross, Dorothy. “e Irish-Catholic Immigrant, 1880–1900: A Study in Social

Mobility.” Master’s thesis, Columbia University, n.d.

omas, P. “Utilization of Enlisted Women in the Military.” Paper presented

at the RAND Conference on Defense Manpower. Santa Monica, CA, Feb-

ruary 1976.

Manuscript Collections

Dinkel, Joseph. Description of Louis Agassiz written at the request of Elizabeth

Cary Agassiz. Agassiz Papers. Houghton Library, Harvard University.

Egmont Manuscripts. Phillipps Collection. University of Georgia Library.

[Specic items are not included in a bibliography unless only one item

from a collection is cited.]

House, Edward M. Papers. Yale University Library.

Johnson, Alvin. Memorandum, 1937. File 36. Horace Kallen Papers. YIVO

Institute, New York.

Legal Citations

AT&T Corporation v. Iowa Utilities. In United States Supreme Court Reports.

Vol. 525, 1999.

Lugosi v. Universal. In California Reports. 3d [or 3rd] series. Vol. 25. Califor-

nia Supreme Court, 1976.

Public Documents

Bills, reports, and miscellaneous documents

House. A Bill to Require Passenger-Carrying Motor Vehicles Purchased for Use

by the Federal Government to Meet Certain Safety Standards. 86th Cong.,

1st sess., 1959. HR 1341.

Senate. Documents on the International Aspects of the Exploration and Use of

Outer Space, 1954–1962. 88th Cong., 1st sess., 1963. S. Doc. 18.

———. Report of the Federal Trade Commission on Utility Corporations. 70th

Cong., 1st sess., 1935. S. Doc. 92.

Hearings

Senate. Study of Air Power: Hearings before the Subcommittee on the Air Force of

the Committee on Armed Services. 84th Cong., 2d [or 2nd] sess., 1956.

APPENDIX B │ 175

Bibliographic Entries

Congressional bills and resolutions

Atomic Energy Act of 1946. Public Law 585. 79th Cong., 2d [or 2nd] sess., 1

August 1946.

———. US Statutes at Large 60 (1947): 755–75.

Declaratory Judgment Act. US Code. Vol. 28, secs. 2201–2 (1952).

Food Security Act of 1985. HR 2100. 99th Cong., 1st sess., Congressional Re-

cord, 131 (8 October 1985): H8461.

Executive department documents

Department of Defense. Prole of American Youth: 1980 Administration of the

Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery. Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Of-

ce of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower, Reserve Aairs and

Logistics), March 1982.

Presidential proclamations, executive orders, other documents

Eisenhower, Dwight D. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States:

Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957. Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Government

Printing Oce, 1958.

Executive Order 9877. Functions of the Armed Services, 26 July 1947.

President. Proclamation. “Supplemental Quota on Imports of Long-Staple

Cotton.” Federal Register 15, no. 196 (10 October 1950): 127. Microche.

Classied Sources

If your document will be available to the general public, do not cite classied

information or the titles of classied documents (whether in the text, notes,

bibliography, etc.). If arrangements have been made to publish your work as

a classied document, then any references you make to other classied docu-

ments should include the classication of the title (immediately following the

title) and the overall classication of the document (at the end of the publica-

tion data), as follows (note that U=unclassied):

[originating oce]. [title of document] (U). Supporting document [number

of supporting document]. ([level of classication, e.g., Top Secret])

[name of author (last name rst)]. [title of document] (U). [place of publica-

tion]: [publisher], [date]. ([level of classication, e.g., Secret])

[document number]. [title of document] (U), [date]. ([level of classication,

e.g., Secret])

176 │ APPENDIX B

Bibliographic Entries

Declassied Sources

Central Intelligence Agency. National Intelligence Estimate Number 11-5-57.

Washington, DC [or D.C.]: Central Intelligence Agency, 1957. Document

is now declassied.

Letters, E-Mails, and Endorsements

Culver, Lt Col C. C. To chief of Air Corps. Letter, 9 June 1928. 1st end. [en-

dorsement] Maj L. W. McIntosh, executive, Oce of the Chief of Air

Corps. To commandant, Air Corps Tactical School, 1 September 1928.

Kilner, Maj W. G., executive, Oce of Chief of Air Service. To commandant,

Air Service Tactical School. Letter. Subject: Proposed Revision of the Pol-

icy of the Army and Navy Relating to Aircra, 12 April 1925.

Smith, Maj John, chief, Oce of Public Aairs, Maxwell AFB, AL. To the au-

thor. E-mail, 20 November 2005.

Memorandums

Regular memorandum

Momyer, Col William W., deputy commandant for evaluation, Air War Col-

lege. To Maj Gen John DeF. Barker, deputy commanding general, Air

University. Memorandum. Subject: Progress of the Manual Program, 17

September 1952.

Dra memorandum

Chief, Air Corps. To chief of sta, Army. Dra memorandum, 28 March 1938.

Memorandum of understanding

Secretary of the Army. To secretary of the Air Force. Memorandum of under-

standing, 2 October 1951.

Memorandum for record

Twining, Gen Nathan F., vice-chief of sta, US Air Force. Memorandum for

record, 17 November 1950.

Messages

Message. 281415Z OCT 90. US Air Force. To commanding general, Far East

Air Forces, 28 October 1990.

APPENDIX B │ 177

Bibliographic Entries

Doctrine Publications, Manuals,

Instructions, Directives, and Others

Air Force Instruction (AFI) 90-901. Operational Risk Management, 1 April

2000.

Air Force Manual (AFMAN) 36-505. Skill Coding, 1 August 1996.

Air Force Pamphlet (AFPAM) 36-106. Supervisor’s Records, 20 December

1993.

Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine Development and Education. “Annex

3-72, Nuclear Operations,” 14 December 2011.

https://doctrine.af.mil/download.jsp?lename=Volume-2-Leadership.pdf.

———.Volume I, Basic Doctrine, 14 October 2011. https://doctrine.af.mil

/download.jsp?lename=Volume-1-Basic-Doctrine.pdf.

Department of Defense (DOD) Directive 5015.2. DOD Records Management

Program, 6 March 2000.

Sources Cited/Quoted in Another Source

McNamara, Robert, secretary of defense. To Cong. Robert Miller. Letter, 3

November 1961. In House. Sundry Legislation Aecting the Naval and

Military Establishment, 1963: Hearings before the Committee on Armed

Services. 88th Cong., 1st sess., 1963.

Diaries, Minutes, Chronologies, Summaries,

Digests, Notes, and So Forth

Barbee, Lt Col Andrew C., Policy and Plans Group. Air Sta Summary Sheet.

Report of Air Force Support of National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-

tration, 20 March 1967.

Brieng. 6127th Air Terminal Group. Subject: Air Terminal Detachments in

Korea, 1 March 1951.

Chronology. Astronautics and Aeronautics (NASA, 1966).

Daily Sta Digest. Headquarters USAF, 13 November 1967.

Field Manual (FM) 90-14. “Rear Battle.” Final dra, 19 November 1984.

Gross, Brig Gen Mervin E., chief, Requirements Division, Aviation Section,

Signal Corps, Oce of the Chief of Research, Army Air Forces. Record

and Routing (R&R) sheet. Subject: Centralization of Certain Literature-

Producing Functions at Orlando, FL, 27 November 1944.

Leahy, Fleet Adm William D. Diary. William D. Leahy Papers. Manuscript

Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC [or D.C.].

Minutes. War Department Board of Ordnance and Fortication, 24 October

1905. In Jones Aviation Chronology, 1900–1906.

Notes. Fih Air Force Planning Conference, 12 December 1951.

178 │ APPENDIX B

Bibliographic Entries

Lectures and Addresses

LeMay, Gen Curtis E., chief of sta, US Air Force. Address. Air Force Associa-

tion Convention, Philadelphia, PA, 21 September 1961.

Patrick, Maj Gen Mason M. “e Army Air Service.” Lecture. Army War Col-

lege, Carlisle Barracks, PA, 9 November 1925.

Wheeler, Gen Earle G. Graduation address. Industrial College of the Armed

Forces, Washington, DC [or D.C.], 11 June 1963.

Interviews

It is not necessary to include interviews in a bibliography. You may wish to

include a transcript of an interview, however.

Singleton, Lt Col Jerry A. Interview by Dr. James C. Hasdor, 30 October

1992. Transcript. US Air Force Academy Library. Colorado Springs, CO.

Video Recordings

Massey, Morris. What You Are Is. CBS-Fox video. 30 min., 1983. Videocassette.

Mihalyi, Louis J. Landscapes of Zambia, Central Africa. Santa Barbara, CA:

Visual Education, 1975. Slides.

Translation Services

Agafonov, Sergey. “Japan in Russia’s Financial Market: Bank of Tokyo to Open

in Moscow.” Izvestiya, 9 June 1992. In FBIS [Foreign Broadcast Informa-

tion Service] Report: Central Eurasia. FBIS-USR-92-079, 29 June 1992.

Electronic Publications

Electronic books

Davenport, omas H., and John C. Beck. e Attention Economy: Under-

standing the New Currency of Business. Harvard Business School Press,

2001. TK3 Reader e-book.

Hicks, R. J. Nuclear Medicine, from the Center of Our Universe. Victoria, Aus-

tral.: ICE T Multimedia, 1996. CD-ROM.

Sirosh, J., R. Miikkulainen, and J. A. Bednar. “Self-Organization of Orien-

tation Maps, Lateral Connections, and Dynamic Fields in the Primary

Visual Cortex.” In Lateral Interactions in the Cortex: Structure and Func-

tion, ed. J. Sirosh, R. Miikkulainen, and Y. Choe. Austin, TX: UTCS Neu-

ral Networks Research Group, 1996. http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/nn

/web-pubs/htmlbook96/.

APPENDIX B │ 17 9

Bibliographic Entries

Electronic journals

Myers, Gen Richard B. “A Word from the Chairman: Shi to a Global Per-

spective.” Air and Space Power Journal 17, no. 3 (Fall 2003): 5–10. http://

www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/fal03/fal03.pdf.

Online magazines

Reaves, Jessica. “A Weighty Issue: Ever-Fatter Kids.” Interview with James

Rosen. Time, 14 March 2001. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article

/0,8599,102443,00.html.

Online newspapers, news services, and other news sites

Mitchell, Alison, and Frank Bruni. “Scars Still Raw, Bush Clashes with McCain.”

New York Times, 25 March 2001. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/25

/politics/25MCCA.html.

Reuters. “Russian Blasts Kill 21, Injure More an 140.” Yahoo! News, 24

March 2001. http://dailynews.yahoo.com/.

Stenger, Richard. “Tiny Human-Borne Monitoring Device Sparks Privacy

Fears.” CNN, 20 December 1999. http://www.cnn.com/1999/TECH/ptech

/12/20/implant.device/.

Databases

Clulow, Adam. “Statecra and Spectacle in East Asia: Studies in Taiwan-Japan

Relations.” Japanese Studies 30, no. 1 (May 2010): 1–2. Academic Search

Premier (49085871).

Konisky, David M. “Inequities in Enforcement? Environmental Justice and

Government Performance.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management

28, no. 1 (Winter 2009): 102–21. http://www.jstor.org/stable/i29738980.

Electronic mailing lists

Powell, John. E-mail to Grapevine mailing list, 23 April 1998. http://www

.electriceditors.net/grapevine/issues/83.txt.

Site content

Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees. “Evanston Public Library Stra-

tegic Plan, 2000–2010: A Decade of Outreach.” Evanston Public Library.

Accessed 18 July 2002. http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-oo.html.

Federation of American Scientists. “Resolution Comparison: Reading License

Plates and Headlines.” http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/resolve5.htm.

Pete Townshend’s ocial website (or Web site). “Biography.” http://www.pete

townshend.co.uk/petet_bio.html.

180 │ APPENDIX B

Bibliographic Entries

Blogs

Eyster, John. “Should Religious Values Inuence Public Policies?” GazetteX-

tra (blog), 20 February 2011. http://gazettextra.com/weblogs/we-people

/2011/feb/20/should-religious-values-inuence-public-policies/.

Online multimedia

Weed, A. E. At the Foot of the Flatiron. American Mutoscope and Biograph

Co., 1903; 2 min., 19 sec.; 35 mm. From Library of Congress, e Life of

a City: Early Films of New York, 1898–1906. MPEG. Accessed 14 August

2001. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/nychome.html.

CD-ROM or DVD-ROM

Complete National Geographic: 110 Years of National Geographic Magazine.

CD-ROM. Mindscape, 2000.

Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. CD-ROM, version 2.0. Oxford University

Press.

APPENDIX C

APPENDIX C │ 183

In the United States, an “original work of authorship” in tangible form

(including electronic formats) is protected by US copyright laws regardless

of whether or not the work is published and whether or not it is registered

with the United States Copyright Oce. Original works of authorship include

written manuscripts and other literary works, as well as original graphic or

pictorial material, visual art, audiovisual works, motion pictures, and sound

recordings. e owner of a copyright has exclusive rights of reproduction (in-

cluding digital means), adaptation, publication, performance, and display of

the work (including online display). If the work is to be published, the owner

may transfer some or all of these rights to the publisher by formal agreement.

For that reason, if you intend to use another person’s work (e.g., text, graphs,

tables, photographs, paintings, lm clips, music clips, etc.) in a work of your

own, you must obtain written permission from the copyright owner, whether

individual or publisher. Two important exceptions to this principle follow.

First, you need not obtain permission if the work is in the public domain.

Such works are considered public property and may be used by anyone. A

work of the United States government (dened as a work prepared by an of-

cer or employee of the United States government as part of that person’s o-

cial duties) is in the public domain, as is a work whose copyright has expired.

(For a discussion of the duration of copyright, see the Chicago Manual of Style

[16th ed.], 4.19–32.)

Second, you need not obtain permission if you use material in accordance

with the doctrine of fair use. is doctrine allows you to use another person’s

work for purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholar-

ship, or research. For example, you may quote short passages of copyrighted

material for purposes of critical analysis and review or for purposes of sup-

porting your own work. e reproduction of copyrighted pictorial material

for critical purposes (e.g., use of a photograph to facilitate commentary on

techniques of photographic composition) may also be considered fair use.

However, the determination that an illustration or graphic falls under fair

use is less straightforward than it is for text, and many presses, including AU

Press, require permission for all illustrations to be reproduced in their pub-

lications. In determining whether a use is fair, courts consider the following

four factors:

1. e purpose and character of the use, including whether such use

is of a commercial nature or is for nonprot educational purposes.

Commercial use generally is presumed to be unfair. On the other

hand, nonprot educational use is not deemed automatically to

be fair, but it is more likely to be so treated, particularly if a public

benet results from the use.

184 │ APPENDIX C

2. e nature of the copyrighted work. e use of creative works, as

opposed to informational ones, is less likely to be deemed fair use.

Fictional works are aorded more protection than factual ones.

3. e amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to

the copyrighted work as a whole. e doctrine of fair use does not

specify a particular number of words, lines, and so forth, that you

may use without permission. A rule of reasonableness applies,

both quantitatively and qualitatively. Generally speaking, you can-

not reproduce a work in its entirety—a poem, an essay, a song,

or an article—without obtaining permission. Nor can you use the

“heart of the work” (i.e., the key or essential material) without ob-

taining permission.

4. e eect of the use upon the potential market for, or value of, the

copyrighted work. While all of the factors must be considered in

determining the applicability of the fair-use doctrine, this fourth

and nal factor is the single most important element of the analy-

sis. Commercial use is presumptively harmful to the future value

of the work used. Noncommercial use, however, requires a mean-

ingful (and demonstrable) likelihood of future harm before the

use is considered unfair.

For more information about fair use, see the Chicago Manual of Style, the

Association of American University Presses website (“Permissions FAQs”),

and the Stanford University Copyright and Fair Use website. AU Press au-

thors can nd guidance in part 2 of this manual.

You should always credit the author and the source of the borrowed mate-

rial (see also plagiarism [5.6] in this guide). Merely acknowledging the source

does not substitute for obtaining permission if circumstances so dictate. If

you do obtain permission, you should identify your source, followed by a

statement such as “Reprinted by permission of the publisher” or by any spe-

cial wording required by the copyright owner. An illustration should be ac-

companied by a note such as “Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.”

e same principles of copyright protection that apply to traditional writ-

ten and pictorial material also apply to materials found online. at is, you

should obtain permission to use any text, photographs, artwork, and so forth,

that you nd online unless that material is in the public domain or you repro-

duce it in accordance with the doctrine of fair use (and you should credit your

source in any case). Likewise, you should apply the same principles that apply

to materials you use in your printed writings to any materials you want to use

in electronic or multimedia creations, such as CD-ROM or DVD-ROM.

If you intend to submit a manuscript for publication through AU Press,

please see the discussion of permissions in part 2 of this guide.

Bibliography

Air War College. Handbook on Research and Writing. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air

University, 1982.

AU-12. Plain English, Please! Prepared by John Smith and Maj John R. Grell-

man Jr. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University, 1982.

Chicago Manual of Style, e. 16th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

2010.

Copperud, Roy H. American Usage and Style: e Consensus. New York: Van

Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1980.

Ebbitt, Wilma R., and David R. Ebbitt. Index to English. 8th ed. Oxford: Ox-

ford University Press, 1990.

Evans, Bergen, and Cornelia Evans. A Dictionary of Contemporary American

Usage. New York: Random House, 1957.

Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. New York:

Modern Language Association of America, 1999.

Hein, Woodford Agee, ed. e United States Air Force Dictionary. Maxwell

AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1956.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary of English Usage, e. Springeld, MA: Merriam-

Webster, 1989.

Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary. 11th ed. Springeld, MA: Merriam-

Webster, 2003.

Siegal, Allan M. e New York Times Manual of Style and Usage. New York:

Times Books, 1999.

Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, eses, and Dis-

sertations. 8th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.

United States Government Printing Oce: Style Manual. Washington, DC:

Government Printing Oce, 1984.

Webster’s ird New International Dictionary of the English Language, Un-

abridged. Springeld, MA: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1981.

│ 187

INDEX

A4/6 (Education Logistics and Communi-

cations), 2.1

AAA (antiaircra artillery), 2.2

AAM (air-to-air missile), 2.3

a/an, 1.1

AB (air base), 2.4

abbreviations, 2.0

ABCCC (airborne battleeld command and

control center), 2.5

ABD (air base defense), 2.6

ABL (airborne laser), 2.7

ABM (antiballistic missile), 2.8

above, 1.2

academic courses, 4.1

academic degrees and titles, 2.9

ACC (Air Combat Command), 2.10

ACCE (air component coordination ele-

ment), 2.11

access date, 1.3

ACSC (Air Command and Sta College), 2.12

active Air Force, 4.1.1

active duty (adj., n.), 4.1.2

active voice, 3.1.1

acts, 4.1.3

AD (anno Domini), 2.13, 4.1.4

ADCON (administrative control), 2.14

administration, 4.1.5

ADVON (advanced echelon), 2.15

AEF (air and space expeditionary force), 2.16

AEG (air expeditionary group), 2.17

aerospace, 1.4

AETC (Air Education and Training Com-

mand), 2.18

AETF (air and space expeditionary task

force), 2.19

AEW (airborne early warning; air and space

expeditionary wing), 2.20

AFB (Air Force base), 2.21

AFCC (Air Force component commander),

2.22

AFCENT (US Air Forces Central), 2.23

AFCERT (Air Force computer emergency

response team), 2.24

AFDC (Air Force Doctrine Center), 2.25

AFFOR (Air Force forces), 2.27

AFHRA (Air Force Historical Research

Agency), 2.28

AFI (Air Force instruction), 2.29

AFIT (Air Force Institute of Technology),

2.30

AFLC (Air Force Logistics Command), 2.31

AFLNO (Air Force liaison ocer), 2.32

AFMAN (Air Force manual), 2.33

AFMC (Air Force Materiel Command), 2.34

AFOATS (Air Force Ocer Accession and

Training Schools), 2.35

AFOSI (Air Force Oce of Special Investi-

gations), 2.36

AFPAM (Air Force pamphlet), 2.37

AFPD (Air Force policy directive), 2.38

AFRC (Air Force Reserve Command), 2.39

AFRI (Air Force Research Institute), 2.40

African-American, 4.2.1

Afro-American, 4.2.2

AFROTC (Air Force Reserve Ocer Train-

ing Corps), 2.41

AFSOC (Air Force Special Operations

Command), 2.42

AFSPC (Air Force Space Command), 2.43

AFTTP (Air Force tactics, techniques, and

procedures), 2.44

AF/XO (Deputy Chief of Sta for Plans and

Operations, USAF), 2.45

AF/XOI (Air Force Director of Intelligence,

Surveillance, and Reconnaissance), 2.46

agency, 4.1.6

AI (air interdiction), 2.47

AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics

and Astronautics), 2.48

AIDS (acquired immune deciency syn-

drome), 2.49

aiming point, 4.2.3

air and space, 1.8

air base, 4.1.7, 4.2.4

air chief marshal, 4.2.5

aircra, 1.5, 4.4.1

aircrew, 4.2.6

airdrop (n.), 4.2.7

air-drop (v.), 4.2.8

air-droppable (adj.), 4.2.9

Index

188 │ INDEX

INDEX

aireld, 4.2.10

air force (numbered), 4.3.1

air force, 1.6, 4.1.8

Air Force, 1.67

Air Force base, 4.1.9

Air Force One, 4.1.10

Air Force–wide, 1.7

airframe, 4.2.11

airhead, 4.2.12

airland, 4.2.13

AirLand Battle, 4.1.11, 4.2.14

air lane, 4.2.15

airli (n., v.), 4.2.16

Airman, Airmen, 4.1.12, 4.2.17

air marshal, 4.2.18

air-minded, 4.2.19

air-mindedness, 4.2.20

airmobile, 4.2.21

airpower, 4.2.22

airspace, 4.2.23

airspeed, 4.2.24

Air Sta, 4.1.13

air strike, 4.2.25

airstrip, 4.2.26

air vice-marshal, 4.2.27

airworthiness, 4.2.28

airworthy, 4.2.29

ALCM (air launched cruise missile), 2.50

allied, 4.1.14

allies, 4.1.14

ALO (air liaison ocer), 2.51

al-Qaeda, 4.2.30

a.m. (ante meridiem [before noon]), 2.52,

4.1.15

AMC (Air Mobility Command), 2.53

amendments, 4.1.3, 4.1.16

ampersand (&), 2.54

AMRAAM (advanced medium-range air-

to-air missile), 2.55

and/or, 1.9

ANG (Air National Guard), 2.56

antecedents, 3.1.2

anti- (prex), 4.2.31

ANZUS (Australia–New Zealand–United

States Treaty), 2.57

AO (area of operations), 2.58

AOC (air operations center; air and space

operations center [USAF]), 2.59

AOR (area of responsibility), 2.60

apostrophe, 3.2.1

appendix, 4.1.17

appositives, 3.1.3

Arabic terms and names, 1.10

ARM (antiradiation missile), 2.61

armed forces, 4.1.18

arms-control (adj.), 1.12

arms control (n.), 1.11

army, 4.1.19

Army, 1.68

ARNG (Army National Guard), 2.62

art, 1.13

article (part of a document), 4.1.20

artwork, 1.13

ASAP (as soon as possible), 2.63

ASAT (antisatellite weapon), 2.64

ASBC (Air and Space Basic Course), 2.65

associate’s degree, 4.1.21

ATACMS (Army Tactical Missile System), 2.66

ATAF (Allied Tactical Air Force [NATO]), 2.67

ATO (air tasking order), 2.68

AU (Air University), 2.69

AUL (Air University Library), 2.70

AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control

System), 2.71

AWC (Air War College), 2.72

awkward structure of modication, 3.1.4

AWOL (absent without leave), 2.73

Ba’ath Party, 4.2.32

bachelor’s degree, 4.1.22

back matter, 1.14

base, 2.4, 2.21

battalion, 4.1.23

battle, 4.1.24

battleeld, 4.2.33

Battleeld Airman/Airmen, 4.1.25

battlefront, 4.2.34

battleground, 4.2.35

battle line, 4.2.36

battlespace, 4.2.37

BC (before Christ), 2.75, 4.1.26

BCE (before the common era), 2.76

BDA (battle damage assessment), 2.77

beddown (n.), 4.2.38

bed down (v.), 4.2.39

below, 1.15

INDEX │ 189

INDEX

Berlin airli, 4.1.27

Berlin Wall, 4.1.28

biannual, 1.16

bibliography, 5.1

biennial, 1.16

bills (congressional), 4.1.3, 4.1.29

bimonthly, 1.17

bin Laden, Osama, 4.2.40

biplane, 4.2.41

biweekly, 1.18

black (people), 1.19, 4.1.30

block quotations, 5.2

blogs, titles of, 4.4

BMD (ballistic missile defense), 2.78

BMDO (Ballistic Missile Defense Organiza-

tion), 2.79

board, 4.1.31

Bosnian crisis, 4.1.32

BPC (building partner/partnership capac-

ity), 2.80

BRAC (base realignment and closure), 2.81

brackets, 3.2.2

Brookings Institution, 4.2.42

building names, 4.1.33

buildup (n.), 4.2.43

build up (v.), 4.2.44

bullets, 3.2.3

bureau, 4.1.34

BVR (beyond visual range), 2.82

by-product, 4.2.45

C2 (command and control), 2.83

C3 (command, control, and communica-

tions), 2.84

C3I (command, control, communications,

and intelligence), 2.85

C4 (command, control, communications,

and computers), 2.86

C4I (command, control, communications,

computers, and intelligence), 2.87

C4ISR (command, control, communica-

tions, computers, intelligence, surveil-

lance, and reconnaissance), 2.88

CALCM (conventional air-launched cruise

missile), 2.89

caliber (of weapons), 4.3.2

call sign (n.), 4.2.46

CAOC (combat [or combined] air opera-

tions center), 2.90

CAP (Civil Air Patrol; combat air patrol;

crisis action planning), 2.91

capitalization, 4.1

caption, 1.20

CAS (close air support), 2.92

CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological,

and nuclear), 2.93

CBU (cluster bomb unit), 2.94

CBW (chemical and biological warfare),

2.95

CCAF (Community College of the Air

Force), 2.96

CCDR (combatant commander), 2.97

CE (of the common era), 2.98

cease-re, 4.2.47

centuries and decades, 4.3.3

CEP (circular error probable), 2.99

CFACC (combined force air component

commander), 2.100

chapter (numbers), 4.3.4

chapter, 2.101

chief of sta, 4.1.35

choke point, 4.2.48

CHOP (change of operational control),

2.102

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 2.103

CINC (commander in chief), 2.104

CIS (Commonwealth of Independent

States), 2.105

citizen-soldier, 4.2.49

civil service, 4.1.36

CJCS (chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Sta),

2.106

classied sources, 1.21, 5.3

click, 1.22

CNA (computer network attack), 2.107

CND (computer network defense), 2.108

CNO (chief of naval operations), 2.109

CO (commanding ocer), 2.110

coalition forces, 4.1.37

COC (combat operations center), 2.111

COCOM (combatant command), 2.112

code name (n.), 4.2.50

code-name (v.), 4.2.51

COG (center of gravity), 2.113

COIN (counterinsurgency), 2.114

190 │ INDEX

INDEX

cold war or Cold War, 4.1.38

colon, 3.2.4

COMAFFOR (commander, Air Force

forces), 2.115

comma, 3.2.5

comma splice, 3.1.5

committee, 4.1.39

communism, 4.1.40

communist, 4.1.41

Communist bloc, 4.1.42

Communist Party, 4.1.43

comparisons, 3.1.6

compound words, 4.2.52

COMPUSEC (computer security), 2.116

COMSAT (communications satellite), 2.117

Congress, 4.1.44

congressional, 4.1.45

congressional committees and subcommit-

tees, 4.1.46

congressman, 4.1.47

congresswoman, 4.1.47

CONOPS (concept of operations), 2.118

constitutional amendments, 4.1.48

CONUS (continental United States), 2.119

copilot, 4.2.53

Corps, the, 1.69

cost-eective, 4.2.54

cost-eectiveness, 4.2.55

counter- (prex), 4.2.56

countries, spelling of, 4.2.57

courses, academic, 4.1.49

court-martial (n., v.), 3.1.7, 4.2.58

courts-martial (n., plural), 3.1.7, 4.2.58

coworker, 4.2.59

CRAF (Civil Reserve Air Fleet), 2.120

credit line, 5.4

crew member, 4.2.60

cross-train (v.), 4.2.61

CSAF (chief of sta, United States Air

Force), 2.121

CSAR (combat search and rescue), 2.122

Cuban missile crisis, 4.1.50

currency, 4.3.5

Curtis E. LeMay Center for Doctrine

Development and Education, 2.25

CV (aircra carrier; carrier), 2.123

CW (chemical warfare), 2.124

cyber- (prex), 4.2.62

dangling modier, 3.1.8

DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Proj-

ects Agency), 2.125

dash, 3.2.6

data, 3.1.9

database, 4.2.63

data-link (adj., v.), 4.2.65

data link (n.), 4.2.64

dates, 1.24, 4.3.6

daytime, 4.2.66

DCGS (distributed common ground/sur-

face system), 2.127

DC or D.C. (District of Columbia), 2.126

D-day (adj., n.), 4.2.67

DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration),

2.128

decades, 4.3.7

decision maker, 4.2.68

decision-making (adj.), 4.2.70

decision making (n.), 4.2.69

de-emphasize, 4.2.71

DEFCON (defense readiness condition),

2.129

democracy, 4.1.51

Democrat(s) (member[s] of the party),

4.1.51

Democratic Party, 4.1.51

department, 4.1

DFAS (Defense Finance and Accounting

Service), 2.130

DHS (Department of Homeland Security),

2.131

DIA (Defense Intelligence Agency), 2.132

directions, 4.1.53

director, directorate, 4.1.54

direct quotations, 1.25

DIRMOBFOR (director of mobility forces),

2.133

DIRSPACEFOR (director of space forces

[USAF]), 2.134

display dots, 4.5

dive-bomb (v.), 4.2.72

dive-bomber, 4.2.73

DMPI (designated [or desired] mean point

of impact), 2.135

INDEX │ 191

INDEX

DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite

Program), 2.136

DMZ (demilitarized zone), 2.137

doctorate, 4.1.55

documentation, 5.0

DOD (Department of Defense), 2.139

DODD (Department of Defense directive),

2.140

DODI (Department of Defense instruc-

tion), 2.141

DOI (digital object identier), 2.142

dollars, 4.3.8

dot-com, 1.26

downsize (v.), 4.2.74

Dr. (doctor), 2.143

drawdown (n.), 4.2.75

draw down (v.), 4.2.76

DRU (direct reporting unit), 2.144

DSN (Defense Switched Network), 2.145

EAF (expeditionary air and space force),

2.146

earth, 4.1.56

Earth satellites, 4.3.9, 4.4.3

Earth station, 4.1.57

East Berlin, 1.27

East Germany, 1.27

EBO (eects-based operation), 2.147

EELV (evolved expendable launch vehicle),

2.148

e.g. (for example), 2.149

ELINT (electronic intelligence), 2.150

ellipses, 3.2.7

e-mail (n., sing. and pl.; v.), 4.1.58, 4.2.77

e-mailer (n.), 4.1.59, 4.2.78

em dash, 3.2.6

EMP (electromagnetic pulse), 2.151

emphasis, 4.4.4

empire, 4.1.60

en dash, 3.2.6

endgame, 4.2.79

endnotes, 4.2.80

end-state (adj.), 4.2.82

end state (n.), 4.2.81

en masse, 4.2.83

en route (adj., adv.), 4.2.84

ensure, 4.2.85

entitle, 1.28

EO (executive order), 2.152

epigraph, 1.29, 4.4.5

et al. (and others), 2.153

etc. (and so forth), 2.154

EU (European Union), 2.155

EW (early warning; electronic warfare),

2.156

exercises, 4.1.61

F2T2EA (nd, x, track, target, engage, and

assess), 2.157

FAC (forward air controller), 2.158

FAC(A) (forward air controller [airborne]),

2.159

fact nder, 4.2.86

fact-nding, 4.2.87

fait accompli (sing.), faits accomplis (pl.),

4.2.88

FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of

Colombia), 2.160

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 2.161

FBIS (Foreign Broadcast Information Ser-

vice), 2.162

FEBA (forward edge of the battle area),

2.163

federal, 4.1.62

federal government, 4.1.62, 4.1.72

feedback, 4.2.89

FEMA (Federal Emergency Management

Agency), 2.164

FID (foreign internal defense), 2.165

eld marshal, 4.2.90

eld test (n.), 4.2.91

eld-test (v.), 4.2.92

ghter-bomber, 4.2.93

ghter pilot, 4.2.94

gures, 1.30, 1.36, 4.3.10

rearm, 4.2.95

rebomb (n., v.), 4.2.96

repower, 4.2.97

rst, 3.1.10

rsthand (adj., adv.), 4.2.98

rstly, 3.1.10

First World War, 1.79

ight crew, 4.2.99

ight-line (adj.), 4.2.101

ight line (n.), 4.2.100

ight path, 4.2.102

192 │ INDEX

INDEX

ight suit, 4.2.103

ight-test (v.), 4.2.104

FLIR (forward-looking infrared), 2.166

oor leader, 4.1.63

FLOT (forward line of own troops), 2.167

FM (eld manual [Army]), 2.168

FMV (full motion video), 2.169

FOA (eld operating agency), 2.170

FOB (forward operating/operations base),

2.171

FOIA (Freedom of Information Act), 2.172

followership, 4.2.105

follow-on (n.), 4.2.106

follow-up (n.), 4.2.107

follow up (v.), 4.2.108

footnote, 4.2.109

foreign military services, 4.1.64

foreign terms, 4.4.6

foreword, 1.31, 4.2.110

forms (titles of), 4.4.7

fort, 4.1.65

FOUO (for ocial use only), 2.173

FP (force protection), 2.174

FPCON (force protection condition), 2.175

fractions, 4.3.11

FRAG (fragmentation code), 2.176

free world or Free World, 4.1.66

frequencies, 2.0, 2.386

frontline (adj.), 4.2.112

front line (n.), 4.2.111

front matter, 1.32

FS (ghter squadron), 2.178

FSCL (re support coordination line), 2.179

führer or fuehrer, 4.1.67, 4.2.113

full-time (adj., adv.), 4.2.115

full time (n.), 4.2.114

FW (ghter wing), 2.180

FY (scal year), 2.181

Gadha, Mu‘ammar, 4.2.116

GAO (Government Accountability Oce),

2.182

GBU (guided bomb unit), 2.183

GCA (ground controlled approach), 2.184

GCI (ground control intercept), 2.185

general (military rank), 2.186, 4.1.68

Geneva convention(s), 4.1.69

GEO (geosynchronous Earth orbit), 2.187

geo- (prex), 4.2.117

g-force, 2.188, 4.1.70, 4.2.118

GHz (gigahertz), 2.189

GIG (Global Information Grid), 2.190

GLCM (ground launched cruise missile),

2.191

global war on terrorism (GWOT), 4.1.71

glossary, 1.33

GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), 2.192

GO (general order), 2.193

government, 4.1.72

GPS (Global Positioning System), 2.194

Great War, 1.79

group, 4.1.73

GSA (General Services Administration),

2.195

G suit, 2.196, 4.1.74, 4.2.119

Gulf War, 4.1.75

GWOT (global war on terrorism), 2.197

half- (prex), 4.2.120

half century, 4.2.121

HARM (high-speed antiradiation missile),

2.198

headings, 1.34

headquarters, 4.1.76

HF (high frequency), 2.199

H-hour (specic time an operation or exer-

cise begins), 2.200

high- (prex), 4.2.122

highway, 4.1.77

highway (numbered), 4.3.12

HIV (human immunodeciency virus),

2.201

HMMWV (high mobility multipurpose

wheeled vehicle), 2.202

HMW (health, morale, and welfare), 2.203

Ho Chi Minh Trail, 4.1.78

home page, 4.2.123

house (Congress), 4.1.79

HRO (humanitarian relief organization),

2.204

HUD (head-up display), 2.205

HUMINT (human intelligence), 2.206

HUMRO (humanitarian relief operation),

2.207

hundreds, 4.3.13

Hussein, Saddam, 4.2.124

INDEX │ 193

INDEX

hyphenated compound words, 3.2.8

Hz (hertz), 2.208

I, 3.1.14

IA (information assurance), 2.209

IADS (integrated air defense system), 2.210

ibid. (in the same place), 2.211

ICBM (intercontinental ballistic missile),

2.212

idem (the same), 1.35

i.e. (that is), 2.213

IED (improvised explosive device), 2.214

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers), 2.215

IFF (identication, friend or foe), 2.216

IG (inspector general), 2.217

ill- , 4.2.125

illustrations, 1.36

IMA (individual mobilization augmentee),

2.218

IMINT (imagery intelligence), 2.219

important, 3.1.11

importantly, 3.1.11

inbrief (v.), 4.2.126

inbrieng (n., v.), 4.2.127

in-depth (adj.), 4.2.129

in depth (adv.), 4.2.128

index, 1.37

INFOCON (information operations condi-

tion), 2.220

information age, 4.1.80

INFOSEC (information security), 2.221

in-process (v.), 4.2.130

INS (inertial navigation system), 2.222

instructions, 2.138, 4.4.8

insure, 4.2.131

INTELSAT (International Telecommunica-

tions Satellite Organization), 2.223

inter- (prex), 4.2.132

international date line, 4.1.81

Internet, 4.1.82

Internet address, 1.38

in-theater (adj., adv.), 4.2.133

IO (information operations), 2.224

I/O (input/output), 2.225

IOC (initial operational capability), 2.226

IOS (International Ocer School), 2.227

IP (internet protocol), 2.228

IR (infrared), 2.229

iron curtain, 4.1.83

ISAF (International Security Assistance

Force), 2.230

Islam (n.), Islamic (adj.), 1.39

Islamism (n.), 1.40

Islamist (n.), 1.41

ISR (intelligence, surveillance, and recon-

naissance), 2.231

IT (information technology), 2.232

it, 3.1.12

italics, 4.4

its and it’s, 3.1.13

I&W (indications and warning), 2.234

IW (irregular warfare), 2.233

J-1 (manpower and personnel directorate of

a joint sta), 2.235

J-2 (intelligence directorate of a joint sta),

2.236

J-3 (operations directorate of a joint sta),

2.237

J-4 (logistics directorate of a joint sta),

2.238

J-5 (plans directorate of a joint sta), 2.239

J-6 (communications system directorate of a

joint sta), 2.240

J-7 (operational plans and interoperability

directorate of a joint sta), 2.241

J-8 (force structure, resource, and assess-

ment directorate of a joint sta), 2.242

J-9 (civil-military operations directorate of a

joint sta), 2.243

JAG (judge advocate general), 2.244

JAOC (joint air operations center), 2.245

JAOP (joint air operations plan), 2.246

JASSM (joint air-to-surface stando mis-

sile), 2.247

JCS (Joint Chiefs of Sta), 2.248

JDAM (Joint Direct Attack Munition), 2.249

jeep, 4.1.84

JFACC (joint force air component com-

mander), 2.250

JFC (joint force commander), 2.251

JFLCC (joint force land component com-

mander), 2.252

JFMCC (joint force maritime component

commander), 2.253

194 │ INDEX

INDEX

JFSOCC (joint force special operations

component commander), 2.254

JOC (joint operations center), 2.255

joint doctrine, 4.1.85

Joint Sta, 4.1.86

JOPES (Joint Operation Planning and

Execution System), 2.256

journals, 4.1.87, 4.4.9

JP (joint publication), 2.257

Jr., 2.258

JROC (Joint Requirements Oversight Coun-

cil), 2.259

JSOW (joint stando weapon), 2.260

JSTARS (Joint Surveillance Target Attack

Radar System), 2.261

JTF (joint task force), 2.262

judicial branch, 4.1.88

-keeper, 4.2.134

kg (kilogram), 2.263

kHz (kilohertz), 2.264

KIA (killed in action), 2.265

km (kilometer), 2.266

Koran, 4.2.135

Korean conict, 4.1.89

Korean War, 4.1.90

kW (kilowatt), 2.267

landmass, 4.2.136

land power, 4.2.137

LANDSAT (land satellite), 2.268

LANTIRN (low-altitude navigation and

targeting infrared for night), 2.269

latitude, 1.42, 2.270

laws, 4.1.3, 4.1.91

lb. (pound), 2.271

legal cases, 2.513, 4.4

legislative bodies, 4.1.92

legislative branch, 4.1.92

LEO (low Earth orbit), 2.272

LF (low frequency), 2.273

LGB (laser-guided bomb), 2.274

LGM (laser-guided missile), 2.275

LGW (laser-guided weapon), 2.276

LIMFAC (limiting factor), 2.277

lists, 1.43

LNO (liaison ocer), 2.278

LO (low observable), 2.279

LOAC (law of armed conict), 2.280

LOC (line of communications), 2.281

localities, 4.1.93

loc. cit. (loco citato), 2.282

log-in (n.), 4.2.139

logistic or logistical, 4.2.140

logistics (n.), 3.1.15

log-o (n.), 4.2.142

log o (v.), 4.2.141

log-on (n.), 4.2.144

log on (v.), 4.2.143

longitude, 1.42, 2.270

long-term (adj.), 4.2.146

long term (n.), 4.2.145

longtime (adj.), 4.2.147

LORAN (long-range aid to navigation),

2.283

Luwae, 4.4.11

LZ (landing zone), 2.284

MAAP (master air attack plan), 2.285

Mach, 4.3.14

magazines, 4.4.12

MAGTF (Marine air-ground task force),

2.286

MAJCOM (major command), 2.287

man- (prex), 4.2.148

man-hour(s), 4.2.149

MANPADS (man-portable air defense

system), 2.288

manuals, 2.138, 4.4.13

Marine, 4.1.94, 4.2.150

Marine(s), 4.1.94, 4.2.150

Marine Corps, 1.69, 4.1.94

Marshall Plan, 4.1.95

master’s degree, 4.1.96

material, 4.2.151

matériel (or materiel), 4.2.151

MAW (Marine aircra wing), 2.289

measurements, 4.3.15

medals, 4.1.97

MEDEVAC (medical evacuation), 2.290

media, 3.1.16

MEO (medium Earth orbit), 2.291

MHz (megahertz), 2.292

MIA (missing in action), 2.293

microcomputer, 4.2.152

mid- (prex), 4.2.153

INDEX │ 195

INDEX

Middle Ages, 4.1.98

MiG(s), 2.294, 4.1.99

military abbreviations, 2.295

military establishment, 4.1.100

military-industrial complex, 4.1.101

military terms, 4.1.102

military time, 4.3.16

military titles and oces, 2.296, 4.1.103

military units, 4.3.17

militia, militias, 4.2.154

Milošević, Slobodan, 4.2.155

MILSATCOM (military satellite communi-

cations), 2.297

mind-set (n.), 4.2.156

minelayer (n.), 4.2.157

mine-laying (adj.), 4.2.159

mine laying (n.), 4.2.158

minesweeper (n.), 4.2.160

minesweeping (n., v.), 4.2.161

misplaced modiers, 3.1.17

MISREP (mission report), 2.298

missileman, 4.2.162

MITRE Corp. (Massachusetts Institute of

Technology Research Corporation), 2.299

MMOAS (master of military operational art

and science [degree, Air Command and

Sta College]), 2.300

MNF (multinational force), 2.301

MOA (memorandum of agreement), 2.302

MOB (main operating base), 2.303

MOE (measure of eectiveness), 2.304

money, 4.3.18

months of the year, 2.305

moon, 4.1.104

MOS (military occupational specialty),

2.306

mottoes, 1.44, 4.1.105

MOU (memorandum of understanding),

2.307

mph (miles per hour), 2.308

MPMS (master of philosophy in military

strategy [degree, School of Advanced Air

and Space Studies]), 2.309

Mr., 2.310

MRE (meal, ready to eat), 2.311

Mrs., 2.310

Ms., 2.310

MSFRIC (Muir S. Fairchild Research Infor-

mation Center), 2.312

MSS (master of strategic studies [degree,

Air War College]), 2.313

MTW (major theater war), 2.314

multi- (prex), 4.2.163

must-read (n.), 4.2.164

NAF (nonappropriated funds; numbered air

force), 2.315

NAS (naval air station), 2.316

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space

Administration), 2.317

nation-state, 4.2.165

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organiza-

tion), 2.318

NAVAID (navigation aid), 2.319

naval forces, 4.1.106

naval station, 4.1.107

NAVSAT (navigation satellite), 2.320

Navy, 1.70, 4.1.108

NBC (nuclear, biological, and chemical), 2.321

NCA (National Command Authorities),

2.322

NCO (noncombat operations; noncommis-

sioned ocer), 2.323

NCOIC (noncommissioned ocer in

charge), 2.324

NDU (National Defense University), 2.325

NEA (Northeast Asia), 2.326

near-real-time (adj.), 4.2.167

near real time (n.), 4.2.166

near-term (adj.), 4.2.169

near term (n.), 4.2.168

Negro, Negroes, 1.45

NEO (noncombatant evacuation opera-

tion), 2.327

NETOPS (network operations), 2.328

network-centric (adj.), 4.2.170

newspapers, 4.4.14

NGA (National Geospatial-Intelligence

Agency), 2.329

NGB (National Guard Bureau), 2.330

NGO (nongovernmental organization),

2.331

nicknames, 1.46

nighttime, 4.2.171

196 │ INDEX

INDEX

NIPRNET (Nonsecure Internet Protocol

Router Network), 2.332

nm (nautical mile), 2.333

no., 2.334

NOFORN (not releasable to foreign nation-

als), 2.335

non- (prex), 4.2.172

none, 3.1.18

NORAD (North American Aerospace De-

fense Command), 2.336

NOTAM (notice to Airmen), 2.337

notes, 5.5

NRO (National Reconnaissance Oce),

2.338

NSA (National Security Agency), 2.339

NSC (National Security Council), 2.340

nuclear triad, 4.1.109

numbered air force, 4.3.19

numbers, 4.3

NVG (night vision goggle[s]), 2.341

NW (network warfare), 2.342

OCA (oensive counterair), 2.343

OCONUS (outside the continental United

States), 2.344

ocials, government, 4.1, 4.1.110

o-line (adj., adv.), 4.2.173

o-load (v.), 4.2.174

OJT (on-the-job training), 2.345

OL (operating location), 2.346

O&M (operation and maintenance), 2.347

OMB (Oce of Management and Budget),

2.348

omissions, 3.2.7

onboard (adj.), 4.2.175

on board (adv.), 4.2.176

ongoing (adj.), 4.2.177

online (adj., adv.), 4.2.178

onload (v.), 4.2.179

on-station (adj.), 4.2.180

on station (adv.), 4.2.181

OODA (observe, orient, decide, act), 2.349

op. cit. (opere citato), 2.350

OPCON (operational control), 2.351

operations, names of, 4.1.111

OPLAN (operation plan), 2.352

OPM (Oce of Personnel Management),

2.353

OPORD (operation order), 2.354

OPR (oce of primary responsibility),

2.355

OPSEC (operations security), 2.356

OPTEMPO (operating tempo), 2.357

organizations, 4.1, 4.1.112

ORM (operational risk management), 2.358

ORS (operationally responsive space), 2.359

OSD (Oce of the Secretary of Defense),

2.360

OT&E (operational test and evaluation),

2.361

OTS (Ocer Training School), 2.362

outbrief (v.), 4.2.182

outbrieng (n., v.), 4.2.183

out-process (v.), 4.2.184

over- (prex), 4.2.185

PA (public aairs), 2.363

PACAF (Pacic Air Forces), 2.364

pacts, 4.1.150

page numbers, 2.365

pamphlets, 2.138, 4.4.15

panzer, 4.1.113

parallelism, 3.1.19

parentheses, 3.2.10

part-time (adj., adv.), 4.2.186

part-timer (n.), 4.2.187

party (political), 4.1, 4.1.114

passive voice, 3.1.20

PAWS (phased array warning system), 2.366

PCS (permanent change of station), 2.367

peacekeeper, 4.2.188

peacekeeping, 4.2.189

peacemaker, 4.2.190

peacemaking, 4.2.191

peacetime, 4.2.192

per annum, 4.2.193

per capita, 4.2.194

percent, 1.47, 4.3.20

period, 3.2.11

periodicals, 4.4.16

Persian Gulf War, 4.1.115

personal information, 1.48

PGM (precision-guided munition), 2.368

Philippines, 4.2.195

PIREP (pilot report), 2.369

PKO (peacekeeping operation), 2.370

INDEX │ 197

INDEX

plagiarism, 5.6

plans, 4.1.116, 4.1.150

plurals of aircra designations, 3.1.21

p.m. (post meridiem [aer noon]), 2.371,

4.1.117

PME (professional military education),

2.372

PNT (positioning, navigation, and timing),

2.373

POC (point of contact), 2.374

POL (petroleum, oils, and lubricants), 2.375

policy directives, 2.138, 4.4.17

policy maker (n.), 4.2.196

policy-making (adj.), 4.2.198

policy making (n.), 4.2.197

POM (program objective memorandum),

2.376

possessive, 3.2.12

possessive with a gerund, 3.1.22

post- (prex), 4.2.199

POW (prisoner of war), 2.377

PPBE (Planning, Programming, Budgeting,

and Execution), 2.378

PR (personnel recovery), 2.379

pre- (prex), 4.2.200

preliminaries, 1.49

president, 4.1.118

Prime BEEF (Prime Base Engineer Emer-

gency Force), 2.380

pro- (prex), 4.2.201

proactive (adj.), 4.2.202

proactively (adv.), 4.2.203

problem solver (n.), 4.2.204

problem-solving (adj.), 4.2.206

problem solving (n.), 4.2.205

profanity, 1.50

proofreaders’ marks, 1.51

PSYOP (psychological operation), 2.381

PSYWAR (psychological warfare), 2.382

pub (publication), 2.383

quantities, 4.3.21

question mark, 3.2.13

quotation marks, 3.2.14

quotations, 5.7

RAF (Royal Air Force [United Kingdom]),

2.384

RAND or RAND Corporation, 4.1.119

rank, 2.385

rates of speed, 2.0, 4.3, 4.3.15

RCS (radar cross section), 2.387

R&D (research and development), 2.388

RDA (research, development, and acquisi-

tion), 2.389

RDT&E (research, development, test, and

evaluation), 2.390

re- (prex), 4.2.207

reachback (n.), 4.2.208

real-time (adj.), 4.2.210

real time (n.), 4.2.209

real-world (adj.), 4.2.211

RECCE (reconnaissance), 2.391

RECON (reconnaissance), 2.392

RED HORSE (Rapid Engineers Deployable

Heavy Operations Repair Squadron,

Engineers), 2.393

reexive/intensive pronouns, 3.1.23

regiment, 4.1.120

regions, 4.1.93

regions of the world, 4.1.121

regular, 4.1.122

Republican(s), 4.1.123

Republican Party, 4.1.123

Reserve(s), 4.1.124

retired military personnel, 1.52

risk-taking (adj.), 4.2.213

risk taking (n.), 4.2.212

RMA (revolution in military aairs), 2.394

road map (n.), 4.2.214

ROE (rule of engagement), 2.395

ROK (Republic of Korea), 2.396

ROTC (Reserve Ocer Training Corps), 2.397

RPA (remotely piloted aircra), 2.398

RPG (rocket propelled grenade), 2.399

RPV (remotely piloted vehicle), 2.400

RRF (rapid reaction [or response] force), 2.401

running heads, 1.53

Russia, Russian, 1.54

SA (situational awareness), 2.402

SAASS (School of Advanced Air and Space

Studies), 2.403

SACEUR (Supreme Allied Commander,

Europe), 2.404

SACLANT (Supreme Allied Command,

Atlantic), 2.405

198 │ INDEX

INDEX

SAF (secretary of the Air Force), 2.406

Sailor (n.), 4.1.125, 4.2.215

Saint, 2.407

SAM (surface-to-air missile), 2.408

SAOC (sector air operations center), 2.409

SAR (search and rescue; synthetic aperture

radar), 2.410

SATCOM (satellite communications), 2.411

satellites, 4.3.22

SBIRS (space-based infrared system), 2.412

SCA (space coordinating authority), 2.413

SCUD (surface-to-surface missile system),

2.414

SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative), 2.415

SEA (Southeast Asia), 2.416

SEAD (suppression of enemy air defenses),

2.417

SEAL (sea-air-land team), 2.418

sea-lane, 4.2.216

seali (n., v.), 4.2.217

sea power, 4.2.218

seasons, 4.1.126

Second World War, 1.80

security classication, 4.1.127

see, see also, 4.4.18

self- (prex), 4.2.219

semi- (prex), 4.2.220

semiannual, 1.55, 4.2.221

semicolon, 3.2.15

Senate, 4.1.128

senator, 4.1.129

series of items, 3.2.16

service, 4.1.130

sexist language, 1.56

SF (security force; security forces [Air Force or

Navy]; special forces; standard form), 2.419

SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied

Powers, Europe), 2.420

sharia, 4.2.222

Shiite, 4.2.223

ships, names of, 4.4.19

short-range, 4.2.224

short-term (adj.), 4.2.226

short term (n.), 4.2.225

show of force, 4.1.131

sic (so; thus; in this manner), 1.57, 4.4.20

SIGINT (signals intelligence), 2.421

Signal Corps, the corps, 4.1.132

SIOP (Single Integrated Operational Plan),

2.422

SIPRNET (Secret Internet Protocol Router

Network), 2.423

SITREP (situation report), 2.424

SJA (sta judge advocate), 2.425

SLAM (stando land attack missile), 2.426

SLAR (side-looking airborne radar), 2.427

slash, 3.2.17

SLBM (submarine-launched ballistic mis-

sile), 2.428

SLCM (sea-launched cruise missile), 2.429

SLOC (sea line of communications), 2.430

Smithsonian Institution, 4.1.133

SO (special order), 2.431

SOC (security operations center; special op-

erations commander; Squadron Ocer

College), 2.432

so-called, 1.58

socialism (theory or school of thought),

4.1.134

socialist (advocate of socialism), 4.1.134

Socialist (member of the party), 4.1.134

Socialist Party, 4.1.134

SOF (special operations forces), 2.433

Soldier, 4.1.135, 4.2.227

SOP (standing [or standard] operating

procedure), 2.434

SORTS (Status of Resources and Training

System), 2.435

SOS (Squadron Ocer School; special

operations squadron), 2.436

South, 4.1.136

SOUTHAF (Southern Command Air

Forces), 2.437

Soviet(s), 1.59

Soviet Union, 1.59

SOW (special operations wing; stando

weapon), 2.438

SP (security police), 2.439

space-, in compounds, 4.2.228

spacecra, 4.4.21

space-li (adj., v.), 4.2.230

space li (n.), 4.2.229

space power, 4.2.231

space programs, 4.1.137

space shuttle, 4.1.138

Speaker (of the House), 4.1.139

INDEX │ 199

INDEX

spelling and word formation, 4.2

Spetsnaz, 4.1.140, 4.4.22

SPINS (special instructions), 2.440

Sputnik, 4.1.141

squadron, 4.1.142

Sr., 2.441

SROE (standing rule of engagement), 2.442

SSA (space situational awareness), 2.443

SSBN (eet ballistic missile submarine), 2.444

SSM (surface-to-surface missile), 2.445

SSN (attack submarine, nuclear; space sur-

veillance network), 2.446

standby (adj., adv., n.), 4.1.143, 4.2.232

stand by (v.), 4.2.233

stando (n.), 4.2.234

stand o (v.), 4.2.235

state names (abbreviations), 2.0

state-of-the-art (adj.), 4.2.237

state of the art (n.), 4.2.236

stealth bomber, 4.1.144

stealth technology, 4.1.144

STOL (short takeo and landing), 2.448

STOVL (short takeo and vertical landing

aircra), 2.449

sub- (prex), 4.2.238

subheadings, 1.60

subject-verb agreement, 3.1.24

subjunctive mood, 3.1.25

subtitle, 1.61

sun, 4.1.145

superpower, 4.2.239

Supreme Court (of the United States), 4.1.146

SWA (Southwest Asia), 2.450

tables, 1.62

TACAIR (tactical air), 2.451

TACON (tactical control), 2.452

TACP (tactical air control party), 2.453

TACS (tactical [or theater] air control

system), 2.454

TACSAT (tactical satellite), 2.455

TAF (tactical air force), 2.456

takeo (n.), 4.2.240

take o (v.), 4.2.241

takeover (n.), 4.2.242

take over (v.), 4.2.243

TAW (tactical airli wing), 2.457

TBM (tactical [or theater] ballistic missile),

2.458

TBMD (theater ballistic missile defense), 2.459

TDY (temporary duty), 2.460

T&E (test and evaluation), 2.461

temperature, 4.3.23

TERCOM (terrain contour matching), 2.462

test-y (v.), 4.2.244

that, 3.1.26, 3.1.27

the, 1.63. See also index, 1.37

theater or theatre, 4.1.147, 4.2.245

there are, 3.1.28

there is, 3.1.28

third-, in compounds, 4.2.246

third world or ird World, 4.1.148

this, 3.1.29

TIC (troops in contact), 2.463

time, 4.3.24

title (v.), 1.28

titles of persons and oces, 2.464, 4.1

titles of works, 4.1.149

TLAM (Tomahawk land attack missile), 2.465

TLAM/N (Tomahawk land attack missile/

nuclear), 2.466

TMD (theater missile defense), 2.467

TO (technical order), 2.468

TOF (time of ight), 2.469

TOT (time on target), 2.470

TOW (tube launched, optically tracked,

wire guided), 2.471

TPFDD (time-phased force and deployment

data), 2.472

TPFDL (time-phased force and deployment

list), 2.473

trademarks, 1.64

TRADOC (US Army Training and Doctrine

Command), 2.474

trans- (prex), 4.2.247

treaties, 4.1.150

tri- (prex), 4.2.248

TRS (tactical reconnaissance squadron),

2.475

Truman, Harry S., 1.65

TTP (tactics, techniques, and procedures),

2.476

UAS (unmanned aircra system), 2.477

UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle), 2.478

200 │ INDEX

INDEX

U-boat, 4.2.249

UCMJ (Uniform Code of Military Justice), 2.479

UCP (Unied Command Plan), 2.480

UHF (ultrahigh frequency), 2.481

UK (United Kingdom), 2.482

ultra- (prex), 4.2.250

UMD (unit manning document), 2.483

un- (prex), 4.2.251

UN (United Nations), 2.484

under- (prex), 4.2.252

underway (adj.), 4.2.253

under way (adv.), 4.2.254

United States, 1.66

United States Air Force, 1.67

United States Army, 1.68

United States Marine Corps, 1.69

United States Navy, 1.70

units of measure, 4.3.25

UNPROFOR (United Nations protection

force), 2.485

upon, 1.71

URL (uniform [or universal] resource loca-

tor), 2.486

US (United States), 2.487

USA (United States Army), 1.68, 2.488

USAF (United States Air Force), 1.67, 2.489

USAFCENT (US Air Forces Central), 2.490

USAFE (United States Air Forces in Eu-

rope), 2.491

USAFR (United States Air Force Reserve),

2.492

USAFRICOM (United States Africa Com-

mand), 2.493

US Air Force, 1.67

US Army, 1.68

USC (United States Code), 2.494

USCENTAF (United States Central Com-

mand Air Forces), 2.495

USCENTCOM (United States Central

Command), 2.496

USCG (United States Coast Guard), 2.497

USCYBERCOM (United States Cyber Com-

mand), 2.498

USEUCOM (United States European Com-

mand), 2.499

US government, 4.1.72

USJFCOM (United States Joint Forces

Command), 2.500

US Marine Corps, 1.69

USMC (United States Marine Corps), 1.69,

2.501

USN (United States Navy), 1.70, 2.502

US Navy, 1.70

USNORTHCOM (United States Northern

Command), 2.503

USSBS (United States Strategic Bombing

Survey), 2.504

USSOCOM (United States Special Opera-

tions Command), 2.505

USSOUTHAF (United States Air Force,

Southern Command), 2.506

USSOUTHCOM (United States Southern

Command), 2.507

USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics),

1.59, 2.508

USSTRATCOM (United States Strategic

Command), 2.509

USTRANSCOM (United States Transporta-

tion Command), 2.510

USW (undersea warfare), 2.511

UTC (unit type code), 2.512

v. (versus), 2.513

VFR (visual ight rules), 2.514

VHF (very high frequency), 2.515

vice (prep.), 1.72

vice-, in compounds, 4.2.255

vice versa, 4.2.256

Vietcong, 4.2.257

Vietminh, 4.2.258

Vietnamese (adj.; n., sing. and pl.), 3.1.30

Vietnam War, 4.1.151

viz., 2.516

VLF (very low frequency), 2.517

V/STOL (vertical and/or short takeo and

landing), 2.518

VTOL (vertical takeo and landing), 2.519

walk-, in compounds, 4.2.259

war-, in compounds, 4.2.260

war, the, 1.79, 1.80

war ghter (n.), 4.2.261

war-ghting (adj.), 4.2.263

war ghting (n.), 4.2.262

war game (n.), 4.2.264

war-game (v.), 4.2.265

war gamer (n.), 4.2.266

INDEX │ 201

INDEX

war-gaming (adj.), 4.2.268

war gaming (n.), 4.2.267

warhead, 4.2.269

war-making (adj.), 4.2.271

war making (n.), 4.2.270

WARNORD (warning order), 2.520

warplane, 4.2.272

wars, 4.1.152

Warsaw Pact, 4.1.153

Warsaw Pact nations, 4.1.153

warship, 4.2.273

wartime, 4.2.274

Washington, DC (or D.C.), 2.521

wavelength(s), 4.2.275

we, 3.1.14

weapon system(s), 1.73

weapons system(s), 1.73

Web (or web) address, 1.74

Web (or web) terms, 4.1.154

Web sites (or websites), titles of, 4.4

weights and measurements, 4.3.26

well-, in compounds, 4.2.276

weltanschauung, 4.2.277

West(ern), 4.1.155

West Berlin, 1.75

western front (World War I), 4.1.156

Western Hemisphere, 4.1.157

West Germany, 1.75

what, 3.1.27

whether, 3.1.31

which, 3.1.26, 3.1.27, 3.1.32

while, 1.76

white (people), 1.77, 4.1.159

white paper, 4.1.158

who, 3.1.27

WIA (wounded in action), 2.522

wide-, in compounds, 4.2.278

-wide, in compounds, 4.2.279

wing, 4.1.160

wingspan, 4.2.280

wiretap (n., v.), 4.2.281

wiretapper (n.), 4.2.282

WMD (weapon of mass destruction), 2.523

word division, 1.78

words as words, 4.4.23

work-, in compounds, 4.2.283

work-around (n.), 4.2.284

work around (v.), 4.2.285

workforce, 4.2.286

work hour(s), 4.2.287

workload, 4.2.288

work order, 4.1.161

worldview, 4.2.289

world war, 1.79, 1.80

World War I (or 1), 1.79

World War II (or 2), 1.80

worldwide, 4.2.290

Wright brothers, 4.1.162

WRSK (war readiness [or reserve] spares

kit), 2.524

WWW (World Wide Web), 2.525

Xerox (n.), xerox (v.), 1.81, 4.1, 4.1.163

XO (executive ocer), 2.526

year, 4.3.27

year (punctuation with), 3.2.18

year-, in compounds, 4.2.291

zero, zeros (also zeroes), 1.82, 4.2.292, 4.3.28

zero hour (n.), 4.2.293

zero-sum (adj.), 4.2.294

ZIP (zone improvement plan) code, 1.83,

2.527, 3.2.19, 4.1.164

zip (n.), 1.83, 2.527

zip code (n.), 1.83, 2.527, 4.1.164

zip-code (v.), 1.83, 2.527

ZULU (time zone indicator for Universal

Time or Greenwich Mean Time), 2.528

Part 2

Air University Press Author Guide

│ 205

About Us

Air University (AU) Press, a division of the Air Force Research Institute

(AFRI) at Maxwell AFB, Alabama, publishes scholarly books, journals, faculty

research, student papers selected by AU schools, and textbooks, as well as the

Air University Catalog and other administrative documents for AU. Our pub-

lications are used by airpower scholars and students throughout the world.

AU Press seeks manuscripts from both military and civilian writers on

such topics as

• air, space, and cyber power doctrine and strategy;

• the nature and future of air, space, and cyber power’s role in warfare and

peace;

• the history of air, space, and cyber power;

• case studies of the employment of air, space, and cyber power at all levels

of conict;

• aircra and weapons systems;

• space applications; and

• biographies of air, space, and cyber power personalities, pioneers, theo-

rists, leaders, and commanders.

Authors may submit manuscripts on these topics to the AU Publication Re-

view Board for consideration. See the submission instructions in this guide.

AU Press publishes several series of research papers: AFRI Papers, Maxwell

Papers from the Air War College, Wright Flyers from the Air Command and

Sta College, Walker Papers from the Air Force Fellows Program, and Drew

Papers—theses by students at the School of Advanced Air and Space Studies

(SAASS).

AU Press also supports the English, Spanish, Chinese, and Africa-Francophonie

editions of Air and Space Power Journal (ASPJ), the professional agship

journal of the Air Force, and Strategic Studies Quarterly (SSQ), a forum for

military, government, and academic professionals to exchange strategic-level

ideas about national and international security policy and defense strategy.

Both ASPJ and SSQ are refereed publications. For submission instructions,

see the journals’ respective websites: http://www.airpower.au.af.mil/ and

http://www.au.af.mil/au/ssq/.

For more information about our publications currently in print, please see

our catalog, AU-3, Air University Press Publications. Most of our publications,

including many no longer in print, are available in electronic formats from

our website: http://aupress.au.af.mil/. DOD personnel may obtain copies of

books in print by visiting our bookstore at 155 N. Twining Street on Maxwell

AFB, calling us at 334-953-2773, or e-mailing us at afri.aupress@au.af.mil. Our

206 │ AIR UNIVERSITY PRESS AUTHOR GUIDE

About Us

publications are also available from the US Government Printing Oce (visit

GPO’s online bookstore at http://bookstore.gpo.gov).

Payment to Authors

Air University Press does not pay for the manuscripts it publishes. In some

cases, however, sponsoring agencies may commission manuscripts for publi-

cation by AU Press. If appropriate, payment is negotiated between an author

and the sponsoring agency. If you are a government employee who has writ-

ten a manuscript as part of your job; has used government time, equipment,

supplies, or facilities to do so; or has composed a study based on knowledge

gained through ocial duties, then government laws and regulations prohibit

you from accepting payment for your work.

If you are a government employee who writes a manuscript as part of your

job, you cannot own a copyright to that manuscript. By law, no copyright ex-

ists, and the manuscript is in the public domain. If you are not a government

employee and AU Press publishes your manuscript, you retain the copyright.

However, the publishing agreement you will sign with AU Press gives the Air

Force unlimited rights to publish and distribute your manuscript in print and

electronically. As copyright owner, you may also give the manuscript to a

commercial publisher, but your agreement with that publisher cannot restrict

the rights of the Air Force to publish and distribute your manuscript. For ad-

ditional details, see the AU Press publishing agreement in appendix A.

Classied and Sensitive Material

As a rule, AU Press does not process or publish classied material. If you

believe that your project merits an exception to this rule, please notify us as

early in the development process as possible.

Before submitting a manuscript to AU Press, make sure it contains no clas-

sied or sensitive information (e.g., inspector general reports or other docu-

ments marked “For Ocial Use Only” [FOUO], Social Security numbers, etc.).

Do not cite classied information or the titles of classied documents (whether

in the text, notes, bibliography, etc.). Do not include extraneous information of

a personal nature (e.g., mentioning the name of your spouse and/or children,

your place of birth, etc. in the acknowledgments or in a biographical sketch).

Security and Policy Review

AU Press publications must undergo security clearance and policy review

to ensure that they contain no classied and sensitive information and do not

misrepresent current Air Force policy. Normally, the public aairs (PA) oce

AIR UNIVERSITY PRESS AUTHOR GUIDE │ 207

About Us

here at Maxwell completes the review, but DOD-aliated authors may have

their manuscript cleared by their local PA oce. If you do so, please provide

us with the clearance/case number assigned by that oce.

Production Schedule

A number of variables aect our publication process (see the gure on the

next page). ese include the manuscript’s length and quality, your availability

to work with the editor, the workload and priorities of the press team assigned to

your project, and the number of manuscripts already in AU Press’s production

queue. e following schedule shows typical production times once the editing

process begins:

• book - 8 to 12 months

• AFRI Paper - 3 to 6 months

• Drew Paper - 4 to 5 months

• Wright Flyer Paper - 3 to 4 months

• Walker Paper - 3 to 4 months

• Maxwell Paper - 3 to 4 months

Accepted Manuscripts

If AU Press decides to publish your manuscript, we will notify you to sub-

mit the nal les according to the instructions in the following section. Once

we have received your nal les and conrmed that they meet our submission

specications, we will put your manuscript in our production queue and send

a publishing agreement (see appendix A) for you to read, sign, and return to

us. is document species, among other things, the obligations of both you

and the Air Force as they pertain to the publication of your work.

An editor will contact you when your manuscript is assigned to him or her.

Most AU Press production teams include a project editor, copy editor, quality

reviewer, illustrator, and typesetter. e illustrator will prepare your gures

for printing and develop a cover design. e editors will edit the manuscript

according to this style guide and the Chicago Manual of Style. You will then

review those edits and work with the project editor to resolve all editorial is-

sues. is is your last opportunity to make changes to your manuscript. Aer

this stage, we will correct only errors of fact, grammar, spelling, or typography.

208 │ AIR UNIVERSITY PRESS AUTHOR GUIDE

About Us

Author submits

completed manuscript (MS)

Press forms

publication team

Team establishes timeline

Team edits MS, prepares

illustrations/cover, and

coordinates changes

with author

Printing specialist

typesets MS

Editorial team proofreads

page proofs

Author checks final

page proofs

Government

Printing Office

contracts printing

Press makes initial

distribution